S-8 1 tm268235d1_s8.htm FORM S-8

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2026

Registration No. 333-

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-8

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Alto Neuroscience, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		83-4210124
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

650 Castro Street, Suite 450 Mountain View, CA		94041
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

Alto Neuroscience, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan

Alto Neuroscience, Inc. 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

(Full titles of the plans)

Amit Etkin, M.D., Ph.D.

President and Chief Executive Officer

Alto Neuroscience, Inc.

650 Castro Street, Suite 450

Mountain View, CA 94041

Tel: (650) 200-0412

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Divakar Gupta

Christina T. Roupas

Courtney M.W. Tygesson

Madison A. Jones

Cooley LLP

110 North Wacker Drive

Suite 4200

Chicago, IL 60606

Tel: (312) 881-6500

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	¨

Non-accelerated filer	x	Smaller reporting company	x

		Emerging growth company	x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

EXPLANATORY NOTE

This registration statement on Form S-8 (this “Registration Statement”) registers an aggregate of 1,915,411 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“common stock”), of Alto Neuroscience, Inc. (the “Registrant”) consisting of (i) 1,596,176 additional shares issuable under the Registrant’s 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”) effective January 1, 2026, by operation of the 2024 Plan’s “evergreen” provision, and (ii) 319,235 additional shares issuable under the Registrant’s 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2024 ESPP”) effective January 1, 2026, by operation of the 2024 ESPP’s “evergreen” provision.

Pursuant to General Instruction E to Form S-8, this Registration Statement incorporates by reference the Registrant’s registration statements on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on February 6, 2024 (File No. 333-276901) and March 20, 2025 (File No. 333-285978) as relating to the 2024 Plan and 2024 ESPP, and except to the extent supplemented, amended or superseded by the information set forth herein.

PART I

INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE SECTION 10(a) PROSPECTUS

The information called for by Part I of Form S-8 is omitted from this Registration Statement in accordance with Rule 428 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and the instructions to Form S-8. In accordance with the rules and regulations of the Commission and the instructions to Form S-8, such documents are not being filed with the Commission either as part of this Registration Statement or as prospectuses or prospectus supplements pursuant to Rule 424 of the Securities Act.

PART II

INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT

Item 3. Incorporation of Documents by Reference.

The following documents filed by the Registrant with the Commission are incorporated by reference into this Registration Statement:

(a)	The Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the Commission on March 16, 2026; and

(b)

The description of the Registrant’s common stock contained in Exhibit 4.5 in the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Commission on March 20, 2025, including any amendment or report filed with the Commission for the purpose of updating such description.

All documents subsequently filed by the Registrant pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) prior to the filing of a post-effective amendment which indicates that all securities offered have been sold or which deregisters all securities then remaining unsold, shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this Registration Statement and to be a part hereof from the date of filing of such documents; provided, however, that documents or information, or portions thereof, which are furnished and not filed in accordance with the rules of the Commission shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into this Registration Statement. Any statement contained herein or in a document, all or a portion of which is incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this Registration Statement to the extent that a statement herein or in any other subsequently filed document which also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes such statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not constitute a part of this Registration Statement, except as so modified or superseded.

Item 4. Description of Securities.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Interests of Named Experts and Counsel.

Entities comprised of partners and associates of Cooley LLP beneficially own an aggregate of 57,569 shares of the Registrant’s common stock.

Item 6. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.

Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law authorizes a court to award, or a corporation’s board of directors to grant, indemnity to directors and officers in terms sufficiently broad to permit such indemnification under certain circumstances for liabilities, including reimbursement for expenses incurred, arising under the Securities Act. The Registrant’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation permits indemnification of its directors, officers, employees and other agents to the maximum extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, and the Registrant’s amended and restated bylaws provide that the Registrant will indemnify its directors and executive officers and permit it to indemnify its other officers, employees, and other agents, in each case to the maximum extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law.

The Registrant has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and executive officers, whereby it has agreed to indemnify its directors and executive officers to the fullest extent permitted by law, including indemnification against expenses and liabilities incurred in legal proceedings to which the director or executive officer was, or is threatened to be made, a party by reason of the fact that such director or executive officer is or was a director, executive officer, employee or agent of the Registrant, provided that such director or executive officer acted in good faith and in a manner that the director or executive officer reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interest of the Registrant.

The Registrant maintains insurance policies that indemnify its directors and officers against various liabilities arising under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, that might be incurred by any director or officer in his capacity as such.

Item 7. Exemption from Registration Claimed.

Not applicable.

Item 8. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number		Description

4.1		Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2024).

4.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2024).

4.3		Form of Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-276495), originally filed on January 29, 2024).

5.1*		Opinion of Cooley LLP.

23.1*		Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

23.2*		Consent of Cooley LLP. Reference is made to Exhibit 5.1.

24.1*		Power of Attorney. Reference is made to the signature page hereto.

99.1		2024 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No 333-276901) filed on February 6, 2024).

99.2		Form of Option Grant Notice and Agreement, and Exercise Notice under the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-276495), filed with the Commission on January 29, 2024).

99.3		Form of RSU Award Grant Notice and Agreement under the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-276495), filed with the Commission on January 29, 2024).

99.4		2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.6 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-276901) filed on February 6, 2024).

107*		Filing Fee Table.

*	Filed herewith.

Item 9. Undertakings.

(a) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this Registration Statement:

(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;

(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the Registration Statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the Registration Statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective Registration Statement; and

(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the Registration Statement or any material change to such information in the Registration Statement.

Provided, however, that paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii) do not apply if the Registration Statement is on Form S-8, and the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement.

(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(b) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered herein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(c) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-8 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Mountain View, State of California, on this 16th day of March, 2026.

ALTO NEUROSCIENCE, INC.

By:	/s/ Amit Etkin
	Amit Etkin, M.D., Ph.D.
	President and Chief Executive Officer

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Amit Etkin, M.D., Ph.D. and Nicholas Smith and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agents, each with the full power of substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place or stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this registration statement (including post-effective amendments), and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agents, or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signatures	Title	Date

/s/ Amit Etkin	President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chair of the Board of Directors	March 16, 2026
Amit Etkin, M.D., Ph.D.	(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Nicholas Smith	Chief Financial Officer and Chief Business Officer	March 16, 2026
Nicholas Smith	(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

/s/ Christopher Nixon Cox	Director	March 16, 2026
Christopher Nixon Cox

/s/ Andrew Dreyfus	Director	March 16, 2026
Andrew Dreyfus

/s/ Husseini Manji	Director	March 16, 2026
Husseini Manji, M.D.

/s/ Raymond Sanchez	Director	March 16, 2026
Raymond Sanchez, M.D.

/s/ Gwill York	Director	March 16, 2026
Gwill York

SEC Form S-8 filed by Alto Neuroscience Inc.