S-1 1 forms-1.htm S-1

As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 29, 2025.

Registration No. 333-

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

AZITRA, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

2834

46-4478536

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(Primary Standard Industrial

Classification Code Number)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification Number)

21 Business Park Drive

Branford, CT 06405

(203) 646-6446

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Francisco D. Salva

21 Business Park Drive

Branford, CT 06405

(203) 646-6446

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Faith L. Charles, Esq.

Todd Mason, Esq.

Thompson Hine LLP

300 Madison Avenue, 27^th Floor

New York, New York 10017-6232

Tel: (212) 344-6101

Barry I. Grossman, Esq.

Matthew Bernstein, Esq.

Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP

1345 Avenue of the Americas, 11^th Floor

New York, New York 10105

Tel: (212) 370-1300

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒
			Emerging Growth Company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information contained in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is declared effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION

DATED AUGUST 29, 2025

Up to 10,204,081 Shares of Common Stock

Up to 10,204,081 Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase Shares of Common Stock

Up to 408,163 Placement Agent Warrants to Purchase Shares of Common Stock

Up to 10,204,081 Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants

Up to 408,163 Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Placement Agent Warrants

We are offering on a best efforts basis up to 10,204,081 shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “common stock”). The assumed public offering price for each share is $0.98, which was the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American on August 28, 2025. See “Description of Securities” in this prospectus for more information.

We are also offering to each purchaser of common stock whose purchase of shares of our common stock in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, 9.99%) of our outstanding shares of common stock immediately following consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase, if the purchaser so chooses, Pre-Funded Warrants. Each Pre-Funded Warrant will be exercisable for one share of our common stock. The purchase price of each Pre-Funded Warrant will be $0.0001 per share. For each Pre-Funded Warrant that we sell, the number of shares of our common stock that we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis. The Pre-Funded Warrants will not be listed on the NYSE American and are not expected to trade in any market; however, we anticipate that the shares of our common stock to be issued upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants will trade on the NYSE American. We are also registering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and placement agent warrants pursuant to this prospectus.

This offering will terminate on the earlier of October 1, 2025 and two trading days following the effective date of the registration statement that this prospectus forms a part, unless completed sooner or we decide to terminate the offering (which we may do at any time in our discretion) prior to that date. We will deliver all securities to be issued in connection with this offering delivery versus payment/receipt versus payment upon receipt by us of investor funds. We will have one closing for all the securities purchased in this offering. Accordingly, neither we nor the placement agent (as defined below) have made any arrangements to place investor funds in an escrow account or trust account since the placement agent will not receive investor funds in connection with the sale of the securities offered hereunder.

Our common stock is listed on the NYSE American under the symbol “AZTR.” The last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American on August 28, 2025, was $0.98 per share. The recent market price used throughout this prospectus may not be indicative of the actual public offering price. The actual public offering price may be based upon a number of factors, including our history and our prospects, the industry in which we operate, our past and present operating results, the previous experience of our executive officers and the general condition of the securities markets at the time of this offering. There is no established public trading market for the Pre-Funded Warrants and we do not expect a market for one to develop. We do not intend to list the Pre-Funded Warrants on the NYSE American, any other national securities exchange or any other trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited.

We have engaged Maxim Group LLC, referred to herein as Maxim or the placement agent, to act as our exclusive placement agent in connection with this offering. The placement agent has agreed to use its reasonable best-efforts to arrange for the sale of the securities offered by this prospectus. The placement agent is not purchasing or selling any of the securities we are offering and the placement agent is not required to arrange the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of securities. We have agreed to pay to the placement agent the placement agent fees set forth in the table below, which assumes that we sell all of the securities offered by this prospectus. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in escrow, trust or similar arrangement. There is no minimum offering requirement as a condition of closing of this offering. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to closing this offering, we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us, and investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell an amount of securities sufficient to pursue our business goals described in this prospectus. We will bear all costs associated with the offering. See “Plan of Distribution” on page 25 of this prospectus for more information regarding these arrangements.

We are an “emerging growth company” under the U.S. federal securities laws and have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements.

On August 21, 2025, a reverse stock split of our outstanding shares of common stock took effect at a ratio of one-for-six and sixty six hundredths (1:6.66) (the “Reverse Stock Split”), which was approved by our board of directors (the “Board”) and stockholders, and consummated pursuant to a Certificate of Amendment to our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on August 20, 2025. The Reverse Stock Split did not affect the total number of shares of capital stock, including our common stock, that we are authorized to issue, which remain as set forth pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (the “Certificate of Incorporation”). Unless the context expressly dictates otherwise, all references to share and per share amounts referred to in this prospectus give effect to the Reverse Stock Split.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 10.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

	Per Share	Total
Public offering price	$	$
Placement agent fees⁽¹⁾	$	$
Proceeds to us, before expenses⁽²⁾	$	$

(1)

We have agreed to pay the placement agent a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds raised in this offering. We have also agreed to reimburse the placement agent for certain of its offering-related expenses, including legal fees and other out-of-pocket expenses, up to $100,000. In addition, we have agreed to issue to the placement agent or its designees warrants to purchase a number of shares of common stock equal to 4.0% of the shares of common stock sold in this offering (including the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants), at an exercise price of $1.225 per share, which represents 125% of the assumed public offering price per share. For more information about the compensation to be received by the placement agent, see “Plan of Distribution.”

(2)

Because there is no minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds required as a condition to closing in this offering, the actual public offering amount, placement agent fees, and proceeds to us, if any, are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the total maximum offering amounts set forth above. For more information, see “Plan of Distribution.”

The delivery to purchasers of the shares of common stock in this offering is expected to be made on or about , 2025, subject to satisfaction of certain customary closing conditions.

Maxim Group LLC

The date of this prospectus is , 2025.

Table of Contents

		PAGE

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA		ii
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY		1
THE OFFERING		7
SUMMARY RISK FACTORS		9
RISK FACTORS		10
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		14
TRADEMARKS, SERVICE MARKS AND TRADE NAMES		14
USE OF PROCEEDS		15
DIVIDEND POLICY		15
CAPITALIZATION		16
DILUTION		17
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES		18
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES WE ARE OFFERING		23
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE		24
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION		25
LEGAL MATTERS		30
EXPERTS		30
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE		30
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION		31

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference. We have not authorized any other person to provide you with information different from or in addition to that contained in this prospectus, and we take no responsibility for any other information others may give you. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where an offer or sale is not permitted. Except as otherwise stated, you should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front cover of this prospectus and that the information in any report incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date of such report. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since such dates.

No action is being taken in any jurisdiction outside the United States to permit a public offering of our securities or possession or distribution of this prospectus in that jurisdiction. Persons who come into possession of this prospectus in jurisdictions outside the United States are required to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions as to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus applicable to that jurisdiction.

As used in this prospectus, unless the context indicates or otherwise requires, “the Company,” “our Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Azitra, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

This prospectus contains or incorporates by reference observations, statistical data, estimates, and forecasts that are based on independent industry, government and non-government organization publications or other publicly available information, as well as other information based on our internal sources. Although we believe that the third-party sources referred to in this prospectus or incorporated by reference are reliable, estimates as they relate to projections involve numerous assumptions, are subject to risks and uncertainties, and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.

Certain information in the text of this prospectus or incorporated by reference is contained in independent industry government and non-governmental organizational publications. The sources of these publications are provided below:

	●	Stacy and Belkaid Study, Apollo Stacy and Yasmine Belkaid, Microbial Guardians of Skin Health. Science, 2019 Jan 18;363(6424):227-228. Doi: 10.1126/science.aat4326. PMID: 30655428
	●	Oh Study, Zhou W, Spoto M, Hardy R, Guan C, Fleming E, Larson PJ, Brown JS, Oh J. Host-Specific Evolutionary and Transmission Dynamics Shape the Functional Diversification of Staphylococcus epidermidis in Human Skin. Cell. 2020 Feb 6;180(3):454-470.e18. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.006. Epub 2020 Jan 30. PMID: 32004459; PMCID
	●	Satoh Study, Satoh TK, Mellett M, Meier-Schiesser B, Fenini G, Otsuka A, Beer HD, Rordorf T, Maul JT, Hafner J, Navarini AA, Contassot E, French LE. IL-36γ drives skin toxicity induced by EGFR/MEK inhibition and commensal Cutibacterium acnes. J Clin Invest. 2020 Mar 2;130(3):1417-1430. Doi: 10.1172/JCI128678. PMID: 31805013; PMCID: PMC7269569
	●	Barbati Study, Netherton Syndrome in Children: Management and Future Perspectives, Federica Barbati, Mattia Giovannini Teresa Oranges, Lorenzo Lodi, Simona Barni, Elio Novembre, Ermanno Baldo, Mario Cristofolini, Stefano Stagi, Silvia Ricci, Francesca Mori, Cesare Filippeschi, Chiara Azzari and Giuseppe Indol; Frontiers in Pediatrics, May 2021
	●	Sun Study, Netherton syndrome: A case report and review of the literature, Joannie D. Sun, MD, and Kenneth G. Linden, PhD, MD, International Journal of Dermatology 2006
	●	Orphanet, Netherton Syndrome, Orphanet: Netherton syndrome

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights certain information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Because it is only a summary, it does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in our common stock and it is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. Before you decide to invest in our common stock, you should read the entire prospectus carefully, including “Risk Factors” beginning on page 10 and the financial statements and related notes included in this prospectus or incorporated by reference.

On August 21, 2025, we effected the Reverse Stock Split. Unless otherwise noted, all historical share and per share amounts reflected in this prospectus have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split.

Our Company

We are an early-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company focused on developing innovative therapies for precision dermatology using engineered proteins and topical live biotherapeutic products. We have built a proprietary platform that includes a microbial library comprised of approximately 1,500 unique bacterial strains that can be screened for unique therapeutic characteristics. The platform is augmented by an artificial intelligence and machine learning technology that analyzes, predicts and helps screen our library of strains for drug-like molecules. The platform also utilizes a licensed genetic engineering technology, which can enable the transformation of previously genetically intractable strains. Our initial focus is on the development of genetically engineered strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, or S. epidermidis, which we consider to be an optimal therapeutic candidate species for engineering of dermatologic therapies. The particular species demonstrates a number of well-described properties in the skin. As of the date of this prospectus, we have identified among our microbial library over 60 distinct bacterial species that we believe are capable of being engineered to create living organisms or engineered proteins with significant therapeutic effect.

We are a pioneer in genetically engineered bacteria for therapeutic use in dermatology. Our goal is to leverage our platforms and internal microbial library bacterial strains to create new therapeutics that are either engineered living organisms or engineered proteins or peptides to treat skin diseases. Our initial focus is on the development of our current programs, including:

	●	ATR-12, a genetically modified strain of S. epidermidis for treating the orphan disease, Netherton syndrome, a chronic and sometimes fatal disease of the skin estimated to affect approximately one in every 100,000, but its prevalence may be underestimated due to misdiagnosis caused by similarities to other skin diseases. We received Pediatric Rare Disease Designation for ATR-12 by the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, in 2020. In December 2022, we submitted an investigational new drug application, or IND, for a Phase 1b clinical trial of ATR-12 in adult Netherton syndrome patients, and on January 27, 2023 we received notification from the FDA that the “study may proceed” with respect to the proposed Phase 1b clinical trial. After submitting post-IND manufacturing reports, we have commenced operating activities for our Phase 1b clinical trial in December 2023, and we dosed our first patient in August 2024. We reported initial clinical safety results in the first half of 2025, and expect to report topline data in the first quarter of 2026.

	●	ATR-04, a genetically modified strain of S. epidermidis for treating the papulopustular rash experienced by cancer patients undergoing epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, or EGFRi, targeted therapy. In August 2024, we obtained IND clearance from the FDA to commence a Phase 1/2 clinical trial in certain cancer patients undergoing EGFRi targeted therapy. In September 2024, we obtained Fast Track designation by the FDA in this indication. We dosed our first patient in the Phase 1/2 clinical trial in August 2025.

	●	ATR-01, a genetically modified strain of S. epidermidis that expresses an engineered recombinant human filaggrin protein for treating ichthyosis vulgaris, a chronic, xerotic (abnormally dry), scaly skin disease with an estimated incidence and prevalence of 1 in 250, which suggests a total patient population of 1.3 million in the United States. We are planning to perform lead optimization and IND-enabling studies in 2025 to support an IND filing in 2026.

We also have established partnerships with teams from Carnegie Mellon University and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, or Fred Hutch, two of the premier academic centers in the United States. Our collaboration with the Carnegie Mellon based team also takes advantage of the power of whole genome sequencing. This partnership is mining our proprietary library of bacterial strains for novel, drug like peptides and proteins. The artificial intelligence/machine learning technology developed by this team predicts the molecules made by microbes from their genetic sequences. The system then compares the predictions to the products actually made through tandem mass spectroscopy and/or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging to refine future predictions. The predictions can be compared to publicly available 2D and 3D protein databases to select drug like structures.

We hold an exclusive, worldwide license from Fred Hutch regarding the use of its patented SyngenicDNA Minicircle Plasmid, or SyMPL, technologies for all fields of genetic engineering, including to discover, develop and commercialize engineered microbial therapies and microbial-derived peptides and proteins for skin diseases. We are utilizing our licensed patent rights to build plasmids in order to make genetic transformations that have never been previously achieved. To date, our team has successfully engineered our lead therapeutic candidates without the SyMPL technology. However, we believe that SyMPL will open up the ability to make genetic transformations of an expanded universe of microbial species, and we expect that some or all of our future product candidates will incorporate the SyMPL technology.

Our Strategy

Beyond our three lead product candidates, our goal is to develop a broad portfolio of product candidates focused on expanding the application of our platforms for precision dermatology. We believe that we have established a unique position in advancing the development of biologics for precision dermatology.

We intend to create a broad portfolio of product candidates for precision dermatology through our development of genetically engineered proteins selected from our proprietary microbial library of approximately 1,500 unique bacterial strains. Our strategy is as follows:

●

Build a sustainable precision dermatology company. Our goal is to build a leading precision dermatology company with a sustainable pipeline of product candidates. To that end, we are focused on rapidly advancing our current pipeline of live biotherapeutic candidates while actively developing additional product candidates. Each of our current product candidates are proprietary and subject to pending patent applications. We expect that most of our genetically engineered product candidates we develop will be eligible for patent protection.

	●	*Advance our lead product candidates, ATR-12 and ATR-04, through clinical trials*. In 2022, we obtained pre-IND correspondence with the FDA for purposes of discussing our proposed regulatory pathway for ATR-12 and obtaining guidance from the FDA on the preclinical plan leading to the filing and acceptance of an IND for ATR-12. In December 2022, we filed an IND for a first-in-human trial of ATR-12 in Netherton syndrome patients. On January 27, 2023, we received notification from the FDA that the “study may proceed” with respect to the proposed Phase 1b clinical trial, and in August 2024 we initiated dosing the first patient in its Phase 1b clinical trial evaluating ATR-12. In August 2024, we received IND clearance from the FDA for a first-in-human Phase 1b/2a clinical trial in patients with EGFRi-associated rash, and in September 2024, the FDA granted Fast Track designation for ATR-04. We commenced a Phase 1b trial of our ATR-04 in certain cancer patients undergoing EGFRi therapy in the fourth quarter of 2024. We dosed the first patient in the Phase 1/2 clinical trial with ATR-04 in August 2025. We reported initial safety results of the first patients dosed in our Phase 1b clinical trial for our ATR-12 in Netherton syndrome patients in the first half of 2025 with full results anticipated in the first quarter of 2026.
	●	*Broaden our platform by selectively exploring strategic partnerships that maximize the potential of our precision dermatology programs*. We intend to maintain significant rights to all of our core technologies and product candidates. However, we will continue to evaluate partnering opportunities in which a strategic partner could help us to accelerate development of our technologies and product candidates, provide access to synergistic combinations, or provide expertise that could allow us to expand into the treatment of different types of skin diseases. We may also broaden the reach of our platform by selectively in-licensing technologies or product candidates. In addition, we will consider potentially out-licensing certain of our proprietary technologies for indications and industries that we are not pursuing. We believe our genetic engineering techniques and technologies have applicability outside of the field of medicine, including cosmetics and in the generation of clean fuels and bioremediation.
	●	*Leverage our academic partnerships*. We currently have partnerships with investigators at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Yale University, Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, and Carnegie Mellon University. We expect to leverage these partnerships and potentially expand them or form other academic partnerships to bolster our engineering platforms and expand our research and development pipeline.
	●	*Expand on our other potential product candidates*. Beyond our three lead product candidates, our goal is to develop a broad portfolio of product candidates focused on expanding the application of our platforms for precision dermatology. We have a proprietary platform for discovering and developing therapeutic products for precision dermatology. Our platform is built around a microbial library comprised of approximately 1,500 unique bacterial strains to allow screening for unique therapeutic characteristics and utilizes a microbial genetic technology that analyzes, predicts and engineers the proteins, peptides and molecules made by skin microbes. Our ability to genetically engineer intractable microbial species is uniquely leveraged by our exclusive license to the SyMPL technology.

Our Intellectual Property

As of the date of this prospectus, we own seven issued U.S. patents, ten pending U.S. patent applications, one pending PCT applications and 82 other foreign patents and patent applications that are important to the development of our business.

Our Leadership Team

We are led by Francisco D. Salva, our chief executive officer, and Dr. Travis Whitfill, our co-founder and chief operating officer, who have more than 35 years of combined experience in the management of biotechnology companies and healthcare investing. Mr. Salva was previously a co-founder of Acerta Pharma, which was sold to AstraZeneca for approximately $6.3 billion in a staged acquisition in 2016. He also worked on the turnaround of Pharmacyclics, which subsequently sold to Abbvie for approximately $21 billion in 2015. Before that, Mr. Salva spent almost a decade in life sciences venture capital. Dr. Whitfill served as associate research scientist and serves as assistant professor adjunct at Yale University with appointments in the Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine. He spent nearly a decade in venture capital as a partner in a biotech-focused venture capital fund, Bios Partners. He has led numerous grant-funded projects, holds nearly a dozen patents and has co-authored over 60 publications. Our Board is comprised of renowned group of senior executives and investors in the biotechnology industry.

Our Competitive Strengths

We are a pioneer in genetically engineering bacteria for therapeutic use in dermatology clinical trials. We have built a proprietary platform that includes a microbial library comprised of approximately 1,500 unique bacterial strains that are screened for therapeutic characteristics as well as lead drug candidates. Furthermore, we have exclusively licensed a novel technology, which potentially enables the genetic transformation of previously intractable bacterial microbes. The history of recombinant protein engineering in biotech has traditionally been limited to less than 20 species. Our licensed technology opens up the potential to genetically engineer thousands of microbial species to build proteins and peptides that have never been previously built. Our management team has significant experience in discovering, developing, manufacturing and commercializing therapeutics. The members of our leadership team have specialized expertise developed at companies including Pharmacyclics, Acerta Pharma, Castle Creek Biosciences, VYNE Therapeutics (fka Menlo Therapeutics), Revance Therapeutics, Biogen, Novartis and Connetics Corp.

Our Market Opportunity

We believe there are significant market opportunities to capture in each of our addressable markets. The dermatology market itself has shown considerable growth over the last decade and is predicted to continue to grow. According to Vision Research Reports, the dermatology drug market surpassed $17 billion in 2021 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 8.8% through 2030. Our first product candidate to emerge from our platform focuses on the orphan indication of Netherton syndrome. Based on the Barbati and Sun Studies, we believe that this product candidate represents a potential $250 million global sales opportunity by mid-2030. Our second product candidate focuses on papulopustular rash due to EGFR inhibitors. We believe this product candidate represents a potential $1 billion global sales opportunity by 2030. The diseases we intend to target are well characterized, often by a monogenic genetic mutation. Additionally, the era of genomic sequencing has ushered in unprecedented progress in genetic testing. The defined molecular pathophysiology of over 100 rare skin diseases has now been defined.

Recent Developments

January 2025 Offering

On January 14, 2025, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement (the “January 2025 Placement Agency Agreement”) with Maxim Group LLC in connection with the offer and sale to investors of up to 729,396 shares (the “January 2025 Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, at an offering price of $2.00 per January 2025 Share (the “January 2025 Offering”). In connection with the January 2025 Offering, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “January 2025 Purchase Agreement”) with certain of the purchasers in the January 2025 Offering. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the January 2025 Offering were approximately $1.5 million, before deducting placement agent fees and other estimated offering expenses. The January 2025 Offering closed on January 16, 2025.

Maxim acted as the Company’s exclusive placement agent in the January 2025 Offering. Pursuant to the terms of the January 2025 Placement Agency Agreement, the Company agreed to pay Maxim a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds raised in the January 2025 Offering. The Company also agreed to reimburse Maxim for certain expenses. As additional compensation, the Company agreed to issue to Maxim (or its designees) an unregistered warrant (the “Placement Agent Warrant”) to purchase an aggregate of 29,175 shares of common stock (the “Placement Agent Warrant Shares”), which represents 4.0% of the aggregate number of January 2025 Shares sold in the January 2025 Offering, at an exercise price per share equal to 125% of the offering price of each January 2025 Share, or $2.50. The Placement Agent Warrants are exercisable six (6) months from the date of issuance and expire five years from the commencement of sales in the January 2025 Offering. The Placement Agent Warrant may be exercisable via “cashless exercise” in certain circumstances.

February 2025 Offering

On February 4, 2025, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement (the “February 2025 Placement Agency Agreement”) with Maxim in connection with the offer and sale to investors (the “February Investors”) of shares of the Company’s common stock, at an offering price of $1.86 per February 2025 Share (the “February 2025 Offering”). In connection with the February 2025 Offering, the Company entered into an amended and restated securities purchase agreement (the “February 2025 Purchase Agreement”) with the February Investors for the sale of 374,702 shares (the “February 2025 Shares”) of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the February 2025 Offering were approximately $695,001, before deducting placement agent fees and other estimated offering expenses. The February 2025 Offering closed on February 6, 2025.

Maxim acted as the Company’s exclusive placement agent in the February 2025 Offering. Pursuant to the terms of the February 2025 Placement Agency Agreement, the Company agreed to pay Maxim a cash fee up to 7.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds raised in the February 2025 Offering. The Company also agreed to reimburse Maxim for certain expenses.

Additionally, on February 6, 2025, in connection with the February Investors’ agreement to enter into the amendment to the February 2025 Purchase Agreement, the Company and the February Investors entered into a letter agreement (the “Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company (i) issued the February Investors warrants to purchase up to 337,232 shares of common stock, in the aggregate (the “February Warrants”), and (ii) granted the Investors a right for two years from the closing date of the Letter Agreement, to participate in future financings of the Company in an aggregate amount equal to 50% of such financings. Pursuant to the terms of the Letter Agreement, on July 18, 2025, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-288766) covering the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying the February 2025 Warrants, which became effective on July 23, 2025. The February 2025 Warrants became exercisable on the six-month and one day anniversary of their issuance, and their exercise price is $3.60.

April 2025 Transaction

On April 24, 2025, we entered into a purchase agreement (the “ELOC Purchase Agreement”) with Alumni Capital LP (“Alumni”) through which the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Alumni, and Alumni is obligated to purchase, up to an aggregate of $20 million (the “Investment Amount”) of shares (the “ELOC Shares”) of the Company’s common stock in a series of purchases. Upon each purchase, Alumni receives warrants to purchase such number of shares of the Company’s common stock equal to 10% of the number of ELOC Shares purchased in the related purchase (the “ELOC Warrants”).

On April 28, 2025, we filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-286809) to register the resale of 11,047,837 shares of common stock, which represents (i) 10,043,488 ELOC Shares that we may issue and sell to Alumni under the ELOC Purchase Agreement and (ii) 1,004,349 shares of common stock underlying the ELOC Warrants that are issuable upon exercise of the ELOC Warrants that we may issue to Alumni in connection with any single fixed purchase under the ELOC Purchase Agreement. The Form S-1 was declared effective on May 1, 2025.

Further, on August 26, 2025, the Company entered into a Modification Agreement (the “Modification Agreement”) with Alumni whereby the Company may at its election, cause the Purchaser to make a series of purchases of ELOC Shares either at (i) the lowest daily volume weighted average price of the Common Stock during the period commencing on the date that the Company delivers written notice (the “Purchase Notice”) and ending on the earlier of (a) five (5) business days immediately following the date of a Purchase Notice, and (b) the date on which the Purchaser notifies the Company that it is prepared to proceed with the closing of the purchase, multiplied by 90% (“Purchase Notice Option 1”) or (ii) the lowest traded price of Common Stock during the period commencing on the date the Company delivers a Purchase Notice and ending on the earlier of (x) the same business day a Purchase Notice is delivered, and (y) the date on which the Purchaser notifies the Company that it is prepared to proceed with the closing of the purchase, multiplied by 97% (“Purchase Notice Option 2”).

Depending on the market prices of the Company’s common stock at the time it elects to issue and sell ELOC Shares and ELOC Warrants to Alumni under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, we may need to register for resale under the Securities Act additional shares of our common stock in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to the full Investment Amount.

Reverse Stock Split

On December 31, 2024, our Board unanimously adopted resolutions approving, declaring advisable and recommending to the stockholders for their approval a proposal to authorize the Board, in its discretion, to amend our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, to effect a reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding Common Stock at a ratio within the range of not less than 1-for-2 and not greater than 1-for-7, with the exact ratio within such range to be determined at the sole discretion of the Board at a later date. On February 20, 2025, at Azitra’s Special Meeting of Stockholders, stockholders approved the reverse stock split, granting the Board the authority, without further action by the stockholders, to carry out such action, with the exact ratio and timing to be determined at the discretion of the Board.

On August 7, 2025, our Board determined to implement a reverse stock split of all the Company’s outstanding shares, par value $0.0001 per share, at a ratio of one for six and sixty-six hundredths (1:6.66) that went effective at 12:01 AM ET on August 21, 2025 (“Effective Date”). On the Effective Date, Azitra’s shares of common stock issued and outstanding were reduced from 23,476,354 to approximately 3,524,968 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Instead, in lieu of any fractional shares to which a stockholder of record would have otherwise been entitled as a result of the Reverse Stock Split, we paid (without interest) equal to such fraction multiplied by the average of the closing sales prices of our common stock on the NYSE American during regular trading hours for the five consecutive trading days immediately preceding the effective date of the Reverse Stock Split (with such average closing sales prices being adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split).

Azitra’s shares of common stock commenced trading on a split-adjusted basis when the NYSE American opened on August 21, 2025, and continue to trade under our existing symbol “AZTR.” The new CUSIP number for the common stock following the Reverse Stock Split is 05479L 302.

The Reverse Stock Split affected all issued and outstanding shares of common stock and securities convertible into common stock. All outstanding options, restricted stock awards, warrants and other securities entitling their holders to purchase or otherwise receive shares of common stock have been adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split by decreasing the number of shares acquirable pursuant to the ratio of 1:6.66 and increasing the exercise or conversion price, as applicable, by the same ratio, as required by the terms of such security. The number of shares of common stock available to be awarded under the Company’s equity incentive plans were also proportionately adjusted.

Our Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware on January 2, 2014. Our principal executive offices are located at 21 Business Park Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, and our telephone number is (203) 646-6446. Our website address is www.azitrainc.com. The information contained in, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider any information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website as part of this prospectus or in deciding whether to purchase our common stock or Pre-Funded Warrants.

We own U.S. and foreign registered trademarks, including our company name. All other trademarks or trade names referred to in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this prospectus are referred to without the symbols ® and ™, but such references should not be construed as any indication that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto.

Additional Information

For additional information related to our business and operations, please refer to the reports incorporated herein by reference, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2025, which we refer to as the 2024 Form 10-K, as described in the section entitled “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” in this prospectus.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, was enacted in April 2012 with the intention of encouraging capital formation in the United States and reducing the regulatory burden on newly public companies that qualify as “emerging growth companies.” We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the JOBS Act. As an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various public reporting requirements, including:

	●	the requirement that our internal control over financial reporting be attested to by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002;
	●	certain requirements related to the disclosure of executive compensation in this prospectus and in our periodic reports and proxy statements;
	●	the requirement that we hold a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and any golden parachute payments; and
	●	the ability to delay compliance with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standard.

We may take advantage of the exemptions under the JOBS Act discussed above until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest to occur of (1) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have $1.235 billion or more in annual revenue; (2) the date we qualify as a “large accelerated filer,” with at least $700 million of equity securities held by non-affiliates; (3) the date on which we have issued, in any three-year period, more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; or (4) the last day of the fiscal year ending after the fifth anniversary of the IPO.

We may choose to take advantage of some, but not all, of the available benefits under the JOBS Act. We have chosen to take advantage of all of the other exemptions discussed above. Accordingly, the information contained herein and in our subsequent filing with the SEC may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

For certain risks related to our status as an emerging growth company, see the disclosure elsewhere in this prospectus under “Risk Factors—Risks Related to this Offering and Owning Our Common Stock—We are an ‘emerging growth company’ under the JOBS Act and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.”

Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company

Additionally, we are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (1) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds $250 million as of the end of that year’s second fiscal quarter, or (2) our annual revenues equaled or exceeded $100 million during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds $700 million as of the end of that year’s second fiscal quarter.

THE OFFERING

Issuer		Azitra, Inc.

Common Stock offered by us		Up to 10,204,081 shares of common stock based on an assumed offering price of $0.98 per share.

Common stock to be outstanding after this offering		15,609,049 shares of common stock, assuming no sales of Pre-Funded Warrants. To the extent Pre-Funded Warrants are sold, it will reduce the number of shares of common stock that we are offering on a one-for-one basis.

Pre-Funded Warrants to be Offered		We are also offering to certain purchasers whose purchase of shares of common stock in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding common stock immediately following the consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase, if such purchasers so choose, Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase shares of common stock, in lieu of shares of common stock that would otherwise result in any such purchaser’s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding common stock. The exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant will be $0.0001 per share. Each Pre-Funded Warrant will be exercisable for one share of our common stock and will be exercisable at any time after its original issuance until exercised in full, provided that the purchaser will be prohibited from exercising Pre-Funded Warrants for shares of our common stock if, as a result of such exercise, the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, would own more than 4.99% of the total number of shares of our common stock then issued and outstanding. However, any holder may increase such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99%, provided that any increase in such percentage shall not be effective until 61 days after such notice to us.

Use of proceeds		If we sell all of the securities offered hereby, we estimate that the net proceeds of this offering based upon an assumed public offering price of $0.98 per share, and after deducting placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses, will be approximately $8.95 million. However, because this offering is being made on a best-efforts basis, and there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering, we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby and may receive significantly less in net proceeds from this offering. Assuming that we receive $8.95 million of net proceeds from this offering (based on gross offering proceeds of $10 million), we believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our cash on hand, will satisfy our capital needs until October 2026 under our current business plan and assuming that we receive $6.95 million of net proceeds from this offering (based on gross offering proceeds of $8 million), we believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together without cash on hand, will satisfy our capital needs until September 2026 under our current business plan. In the event that we pause, slow down or discontinue any of our developmental programs, the proceeds we receive from this offering may satisfy our capital needs longer than October 2026. We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, along with our existing cash and cash equivalents, for working capital and other general corporate purposes. Following this offering, we will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and continue to support our planned development and commercialization activities. See the section titled “Use of Proceeds” in this prospectus for a more complete description of the intended use of processed from this offering.

Best Efforts Offering		We have agreed to issue and sell the securities offered hereby to the purchasers through the placement agent. The placement agent is not required to buy or sell any specific number or dollar amount of the securities offered hereby, but will use its reasonable best-efforts to solicit offers to purchase the securities offered by this prospectus. See “Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus.

Trading market and symbol		Our common stock is listed on the NYSE American under the symbol “AZTR.”

		We do not intend to list the Pre-Funded Warrants on the NYSE American or any other national securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited.

Risk factors		Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 10 and the other information in this prospectus for a discussion of the factors you should consider carefully before you decide to invest in our securities.

Lock-up		We have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, (i) not to sell, offer, agree to sell, contract to sell, hypothecate, pledge, grant any option to purchase, make any short sale of, or otherwise dispose of or hedge, directly or indirectly, any shares of our capital stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of capital stock, or (ii) file any registration statement or prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, for a period of up to 60 days from the close of this offering, without the prior written consent of the placement agent. In addition, our officers and directors agreed not to sell, offer, agree to sell, contract to sell, hypothecate, pledge, grant any option to purchase, make any short sale of, or otherwise dispose of or hedge, directly or indirectly, any shares of our capital stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for a period of up to 60 days from the close of this offering, without the prior written consent of the placement agent. See the section of this prospectus entitled “Plan of Distribution” for additional information.

The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on approximately 5,404,968 shares of our common stock outstanding as of August 28, 2025, and excludes:

	●	6,247 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding options, with a weighted average exercise price of $277.06 per share, granted pursuant to our 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2016 Plan, and our 2023 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2023 Plan;
	●	approximately 2,457,731 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants, with a weighted average exercise price of $5.32 per share; and
	●	1,120 shares of our common stock reserved for future grants under our 2016 Plan and 181,642 shares of our common stock reserved for future grants under our 2023 Plan; and

Unless we indicate otherwise or unless the context otherwise requires, all information in this prospectus assumes the following:

	●	no exercise of outstanding warrants or options described above; and
	●	No exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants or placement agent warrants.

SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

Our business is subject to numerous risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and prospects. You should carefully consider the risks discussed below and further discussed in the section “Risk Factors” immediately following this prospectus summary, including the risk factors incorporated by reference from our 2024 Form 10-K, before investing in our securities.

	●	We are an early-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company with limited operating history;
	●	We have a history of significant operating losses and anticipate continued operating losses for the foreseeable future;
	●	This offering is being made on a best-efforts basis and we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby and may receive significantly less in net proceeds from this offering, which will provide us only limited working capital;
	●	We will need additional financing to execute our business plan and fund operations, which additional financing may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all;
	●	The clinical and commercial utility of our microbial library and genetic engineering platform is uncertain and may never be realized;
	●	Our product candidates are in early stages of development, and therefore they will require extensive additional preclinical and clinical testing;
	●	We will need to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth;
	●	We currently have no sales and marketing organization;
	●	We will be completely dependent for the foreseeable future on third parties to manufacture our product candidates for commercial sale;
	●	Our business model includes the potential out-licensing of strains from our proprietary microbial library or our product candidates to other pharmaceutical companies; however, technology licensing in the pharmaceutical industry is a lengthy process and subject to several risks and factors outside of our control;
	●	Our business may suffer with the loss of key personnel;
	●	If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates;
	●	Our business operations could suffer in the event of information technology systems’ failures or security breaches;
	●	We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies targeting medical dermatological indications;
	●	Our success is entirely dependent on our ability to obtain the marketing approval for our product candidates by the FDA and the regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions in which we intend to market our product candidates, of which there can be no assurance;
	●	Our clinical trials may fail to demonstrate substantial evidence of the safety and efficacy of our product candidates or any future product candidates;
	●	Results of preclinical studies of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of future preclinical studies or clinical trials;
	●	Even if we receive regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we may not be able to successfully commercialize the product and the revenue that we generate from its sales, if any, may be limited;
	●	Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we may obtain;
	●	It is difficult and costly to protect our intellectual property rights, and we cannot ensure the protection of these rights;
	●	Our product candidates may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which could increase our costs and delay or prevent our development and commercialization efforts;
	●	An active, liquid and orderly trading market for our shares may not develop;
	●	Future capital raises may dilute your ownership and have other adverse effects on our operations;
	●	The market price of our shares may be subject to fluctuation and volatility;
	●	If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud;
	● ●	There is no market for the Pre-Funded Warrants and one is not expected to develop; Holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants purchased in this offering will have no rights as common stockholders until such holders exercise such warrants and acquire our common stock;
	●	We ratified certain corporate actions pursuant to Section 204 of the Delaware General Corporate Law, or DGCL; however, there can be no assurance that claims will not be made to challenge the validity of the ratification or the related corporate actions; and
	●	Our charter documents and Delaware law may inhibit a takeover that stockholders consider favorable.

RISK FACTORS

Any investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below and set forth in the section “Risk Factors” in our 2024 Form 10-K, as well as any amendment or update to our risk factors reflected in subsequent filings with the SEC, which are incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and all other information contained in this prospectus and incorporated by reference in this prospectus, before you make a decision to invest in our securities. Please note that the risks highlighted here are not the only ones that we may face. For example, additional risks presently unknown to us or that we currently consider immaterial or unlikely to occur could also impair our operations. If any of the following events occur or any additional risks presently unknown to us actually occur, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Relating to this Offering

As an investor, you may lose all of your investment.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. As an investor, you may never recoup all, or even part, of your investment and you may never realize any return on your investment. You must be prepared to lose all of your investment.

We will need additional financing to execute our business plan and fund operations, which additional financing may not be available on reasonable terms or at all.

As of June 30, 2025, we had total assets of $3,956,022 and working capital of $347,329. We believe that net proceeds of this offering, along with our cash on hand as of the date of this prospectus, will not be sufficient to cover our proposed plan of operations over, at least, the next 12 months. We intend to seek additional funds through various financing sources, including the sale of our equity, licensing fees for our technology and joint ventures with industry partners. In addition, we will consider alternatives to our current business plan that may enable to us to achieve revenue producing operations and meaningful commercial success with a smaller amount of capital. However, there can be no guarantees that such funds will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If such financing is not available on satisfactory terms, we may be unable to further pursue our business plan and we may be unable to continue operations, in which case you may lose your entire investment.

The report of our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ended December 31, 2024 states that due to our accumulated deficit, recurring and negative cash flow from operations there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

This offering is being made on a best-efforts basis and we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby and may receive significantly less in net proceeds from this offering. The placement agent has no obligation to buy any of the securities from us or to arrange for the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of the securities. There is no required minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds that must be sold as a condition to completion of this offering. Because there is no minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds required as a condition to the closing of this offering, the actual offering amount, placement agent fees and proceeds to us are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum amounts set forth above. Assuming that we receive $8.95 million of net proceeds from this offering (based on gross offering proceeds of $10 million), we believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our cash on hand, will satisfy our capital needs until October 2026 under our current business plan and assuming that we receive $6.95 million of net proceeds from this offering (based on gross offering proceeds of $8 million), we believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together without cash on hand, will satisfy our capital needs until September 2026 under our current business plan. In the event that we pause, slow down or discontinue any of our developmental programs, the proceeds we receive from this offering may satisfy our capital needs longer than October 2026.

Because we will have broad discretion and flexibility in how the net proceeds from this offering are used, we may use the net proceeds in ways in which you disagree.

We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital and general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds” for additional information. Accordingly, our management will have significant discretion and flexibility in applying the net proceeds of this offering. You will be relying on the judgment of our management with regard to the use of these net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the net proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible that the net proceeds will be invested in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for us. The failure of our management to use such funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flow.

The market price of our shares may be subject to fluctuation and volatility. You could lose all or part of your investment.

The market price of our common stock is subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. The market price of our shares on the NYSE American may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to:

	●	actual or anticipated variations in our and our competitors’ results of operations and financial condition;
	●	changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if our shares are covered by analysts;
	●	market acceptance of our product candidates;
	●	development of technological innovations or new competitive products by others;
	●	announcements of technological innovations or new products by us;
	●	publication of the results of preclinical or clinical trials for our product candidates;
	●	failure by us to achieve a publicly announced milestone;
	●	delays between our expenditures to develop and market new or enhanced products and the generation of sales from those products;
	●	developments concerning intellectual property rights, including our involvement in litigation brought by or against us;
	●	regulatory developments and the decisions of regulatory authorities as to the approval or rejection of new or modified products;
	●	changes in the amounts that we spend to develop, acquire or license new products, technologies or businesses;
	●	changes in our expenditures to promote our product candidates;
	●	our sale or proposed sale, or the sale by our significant stockholders, of our shares or other securities in the future;
	●	changes in key personnel;
	●	success or failure of our research and development projects or those of our competitors;
	●	the trading volume of our shares; and
	●	general economic and market conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance.

These factors and any corresponding price fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of our shares and result in substantial losses being incurred by our investors. In the past, following periods of market volatility, public company stockholders have often instituted securities class action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could impose a substantial cost upon us and divert the resources and attention of our management from our business.

There is no public market for the Pre-Funded Warrants being offered in this offering.

There is no established public trading market for the Pre-Funded Warrants being offered in this offering, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply to list the Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system, including the NYSE American. Without an active market, the liquidity of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited.

Resales of our shares of common stock in the public market by our stockholders as a result of this offering may cause the market price of our shares of common stock to fall.

We are registering 10,204,081 shares of common stock (including shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants). Sales of substantial amounts of our shares of common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales might occur, could adversely affect the market price of our shares of common stock. The issuance of new shares of common stock could result in resales of our shares of common stock by our current shareholders concerned about the potential ownership dilution of their holdings. Furthermore, in the future, we may issue additional shares of common stock or other equity or debt securities exercisable or convertible into shares of common stock. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing shareholders and could cause our stock price to decline.

If you purchase our securities in this offering, you may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings or other equity issuances, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans.

In order to raise additional capital, we believe that we will offer and issue additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock in the future. We are generally not restricted from issuing additional securities, including shares of common stock, securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, common stock or substantially similar securities. We also expect to issue common stock to employees, consultants and directors pursuant to our equity incentive plans. The issuance of securities in future offerings, as well as our ELOC Purchase Agreement, may cause dilution to our stockholders, including investors in this offering. We cannot assure you that we will be able to sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is equal to or greater than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share in this offering. Further, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

We may not receive any meaningful amount of additional funds upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants.

Each Pre-Funded Warrant will be exercisable until it is fully exercised and by means of payment of the nominal cash purchase price upon exercise. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will receive any meaningful additional funds upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants.

Holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants purchased in this offering will have no rights as common stockholders until such holders exercise such warrants and acquire shares of our common stock.

Until holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants acquire shares of our common stock upon exercise thereof, holders of such Pre-Funded Warrants will have no rights with respect to the shares of our common stock underlying such warrants. Upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants, such holders will be entitled to exercise the rights of a common stockholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

Significant holders or beneficial holders of shares of our common stock may not be permitted to exercise the Pre-Funded Warrants that they hold.

A holder of the Pre-Funded Warrants will not be entitled to exercise any portion of any Pre-Funded Warrant that, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause: (i) the aggregate number of shares of our common stock beneficially owned by such holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% (or, upon election of holder, 9.99%) of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise; or (ii) the combined voting power of our securities beneficially owned by such holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% (or, upon election of holder, 9.99%) of the combined voting power of all of our securities outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your Pre-Funded Warrants for shares of our common stock at a time when it would be financially beneficial for you to do so. In such a circumstance, you could seek to sell your Pre-Funded Warrants to realize value, but you may be unable to do so in the absence of an established trading market and due to applicable transfer restrictions.

Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of the NYSE American could result in a delisting of our common stock.

If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the NYSE American, such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, the NYSE American may take steps to delist our common stock. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our common stock, prevent our common stock from dropping below the NYSE American’s minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with the NYSE American’s listing requirements.

Future capital raises may dilute your ownership and/or have other adverse effects on our operations.

If we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our existing stockholders’ percentage ownership will be reduced and these stockholders may experience substantial dilution. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights senior to those of our common stock and the terms of the debt securities issued could impose significant restrictions on our operations, including liens on our assets. If we raise additional funds through collaborations and licensing arrangements, we may be required to relinquish some rights to our intellectual property or candidate products, or to grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

Purchasers who purchase our securities in this offering pursuant to a securities purchase agreement may have rights not available to purchasers that purchase without the benefit of a securities purchase agreement.

In addition to rights and remedies available to all purchasers in this offering under federal securities and state law, the purchasers that enter into a securities purchase agreement will also be able to bring claims of breach of contract against us. The ability to pursue a claim for breach of contract provides those investors with the means to enforce the covenants uniquely available to them under the securities purchase agreement including, but not limited to (i) timely delivery of securities, (ii) agreement to not issue any shares or securities convertible into shares for a period of days from closing of the offering, subject to certain exceptions and (iii) indemnification for breach of contract.

We have not paid dividends on our common stock in the past and have no immediate plans to pay such dividends.

We plan to reinvest all of our earnings, to the extent we have earnings, to cover operating costs and otherwise become and remain competitive. We do not plan to pay any cash dividends with respect to our common stock in the foreseeable future. We cannot assure you that we would, at any time, generate sufficient surplus cash that would be available for distribution to the holders of our common stock as a dividend. Therefore, you should not expect to receive cash dividends on the common stock we are offering.

If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our shares, the price of our shares could decline.

The trading market for our shares will rely in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business, if at all. We do not have control over these analysts, and we do not have commitments from them to write research reports about us. The price of our shares could decline if no research reports are published about us or our business, or if one or more equity research analysts downgrades our shares or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly.

We expect our operating results to be subject to quarterly fluctuations. Our net loss and other operating results will be affected by numerous factors, including, but not limited to:

	●	variations in the level of expenses related to our programs;

	●	any litigation in which we may become involved; and

	●	our execution of any licensing or similar arrangements, and the timing of payments we may make or receive under these arrangements.

If our quarterly operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Furthermore, any quarterly fluctuations in our operating results may, in turn, cause the price of our stock to fluctuate substantially.

Clinical drug development and trials involve a lengthy and expensive process with an unpredictable outcome, especially human trials. We cannot be certain the results we observed in our pre-clinical testing will be confirmed in clinical trials or the results of any of our clinical trials will support FDA approval.

Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical study process. Positive results achieved in preclinical or early-stage clinical trials may not indicate the same positive results in later stage trials, or in trials with more patients. If positive results obtained in early-stage clinical trials are not achieved in later stage trials, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies suffer significant setbacks. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses. There is a high failure rate for drugs proceeding through clinical studies, and product candidates in later stages of clinical studies may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed satisfactorily through preclinical studies and initial clinical studies. Not only are commercialization timelines pushed back, but some companies, particularly smaller biotechnology companies with limited cash reserves, have discontinued business after releasing news of unsuccessful clinical trial results due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier studies. If we experience unexpected, inconsistent or disappointing results in connection with a clinical or pre-clinical trial our business will suffer. A delay in our pre-clinical research or our clinical trials, for any reason, will require us to spend additional funds to keep our product(s) moving through the regulatory process.

In the event our pre-clinical research or our clinical trials are not successful, we will have to determine whether to continue to fund our programs to address the deficiencies, or whether to abandon our clinical development programs for our products in tested indications. Because there are so many variables inherent in pre-clinical research or clinical trials, we cannot predict whether any of our future regulatory applications to conduct clinical trials will be approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, whether our clinical trials will commence or proceed as planned, whether any Phase I, Phase II, Phase III (if any) or other clinical studies we may conduct will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety sufficient to obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates, and whether the trials will ultimately be deemed to be successful.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains or incorporates by reference forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “expect” and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following:

	●	our future financial and operating results;
	●	our intentions, expectations and beliefs regarding anticipated growth, market penetration and trends in our business;
	●	the timing and success of our plan of commercialization;
	●	our ability to successfully develop and clinically test our product candidates;
	●	our ability to obtain FDA approval for any of our product candidates;
	●	our ability to comply with all U.S. and foreign regulations concerning the development, manufacture and sale of our product candidates;
	●	our reliance on third parties to manufacture our product candidates;
	●	the adequacy of the net proceeds of this offering;
	●	the effects of market conditions on our stock price and operating results;
	●	our ability to maintain, protect and enhance our intellectual property;
	●	the effects of increased competition in our market and our ability to compete effectively;
	●	our plans to use the proceeds from this offering;
	●	costs associated with initiating and defending intellectual property infringement and other claims;
	●	the attraction and retention of qualified employees and key personnel;
	●	future acquisitions of or investments in complementary companies or technologies; and
	●	our ability to comply with evolving legal standards and regulations, particularly concerning requirements for being a public company.

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in the “Risk Factors” section of our 2024 Form 10-K and elsewhere in this prospectus. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for us to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this prospectus may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in our forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances described in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this prospectus to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, except as required by law.

You should read this prospectus and our 2024 Form 10-K which is incorporated herein by reference and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed with the SEC as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.

TRADEMARKS, SERVICE MARKS AND TRADE NAMES

We own or have rights to use a number of registered and common law trademarks, service marks and/or trade names in connection with our business in the United States and/or in certain foreign jurisdictions.

Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks, logos and trade names referred to in this prospectus are without the ® and ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensors to these trademarks, service marks and trade names. This prospectus contains additional trademarks, service marks and trade names of others, which are the property of their respective owners. All trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this prospectus are, to our knowledge, the property of their respective owners. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks, service marks, copyrights or trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds we will receive from the sale of our securities in this offering, assuming all the securities we are offering are sold, after deducting placement agent fees and other estimated offering expenses payable by us, and assuming no sale of any Pre-Funded Warrants, will be approximately $8.95 million, based on an assumed public offering price of $0.98 per share.

However, because this is a best-efforts offering and there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering, the actual offering amount, the placement agent fees and net proceeds to us are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum amounts set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. Assuming that we receive $8.95 million of net proceeds from this offering (based on gross offering proceeds of $10 million), we believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our cash on hand, will satisfy our capital needs until October 2026 under our current business plan and assuming that we receive $6.95 million of net proceeds from this offering (based on gross offering proceeds of $8 million), we believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together without cash on hand, will satisfy our capital needs until September 2026 under our current business plan. In the event that we pause, slow down or discontinue any of our developmental programs, the proceeds we receive from this offering may satisfy our capital needs longer than October 2026.

We expect to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital and general corporate purposes. This represents our best estimate of the manner in which we will use the net proceeds we receive from this offering based upon the current status of our business, but we have not reserved or allocated amounts for specific purposes and we cannot specify with certainty how or when we will use any of the net proceeds. The amounts and timing of our actual use of the net proceeds from this offering will vary depending on numerous factors, including the factors described under “Risk Factors” located elsewhere in this prospectus or in the information incorporated by reference herein or therein. As a result, our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds, and investors will be relying on our judgment regarding the application of the net proceeds from this offering.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Investors should not purchase our common stock with the expectation of receiving cash dividends. The payment of dividends on our common stock, if any, in the future is within the discretion of our Board and will depend on our earnings, capital requirements and financial condition and other relevant facts. We currently intend to retain all future earnings, if any, to finance the development and growth of our business.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash and capitalization as of June 30, 2025:

	●	on an actual basis;
	●	on a pro forma basis to reflect subsequent to June 30, 2025, the issuance of (i) 2,705,825 shares of common stock to certain investors in relation to the ELOC Purchase Agreement (the “Pro Forma Adjustments”); and
	●	on a pro forma as adjusted basis to reflect our sale of 10,204,081 shares in this offering at the assumed public offering price of $0.98 per share, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American on August 28, 2025, and assuming no sale of Pre-funded Warrants, after deducting placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

You should read the information in this table together with our financial statements and related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections appearing in our 2024 Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

	June 30, 2025
(in thousands)	Unaudited Actual			Unaudited Pro Forma			Unaudited Pro Forma as Adjusted
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,046		$	3,765		$	12,864
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 2,699,152 shares issued and outstanding, actual; 5,404,968 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma, and 15,609,049 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted	$	2		$	2		$	2
Additional paid-in capital	$	65,750		$	68,4694		$	77,568
Accumulated deficit	$	(63,523	)	$	(63,523	)	$	(63,523	)
Total stockholders’ equity	$	2,229		$	4,948		$	14,047
Total capitalization	$	2,229		$	4,948		$	14,047

The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on approximately 2,699,152 shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2025, and excludes:

	●	6,247 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding options, with a weighted average exercise price of $277.06 per share, granted pursuant to our 2016 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”), and our 2023 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”);

	●	Approximately 2,457,731 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants at June 30, 2025, with a weighted average exercise price of $5.32 per share, and an additional 2,728,580 shares of our common stock issuable (2,728,311 common stock in the aggregate) as a result of our draws under the terms of the ELOC Purchase Agreement, including certain issuances made after June 30, 2025, with a weighted average exercise price of $1.31 per share; and

	●	1,120 shares of our common stock reserved for future grants under our 2016 Plan and 181,642 shares of our common stock reserved for future grants under our 2023 Plan.

To the extent that options or warrants are exercised, convertible promissory notes are converted, new options are issued under the 2023 Plan, or we issue additional shares of common stock in the future, there may be further dilution to investors participating in this offering. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital because of market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering, the dilution per share to purchasers in the offering may be more than that indicated above in the event that the actual number of shares sold, if any, is less than the maximum number of shares of our common stock we are offering.

DILUTION

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the offering price per share of our common stock in this offering and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our Common Stock immediately after this offering. The net tangible book value of our Common Stock as of June 30, 2025, was approximately $1,290,366, or approximately $0.48 per share of Common Stock based upon 2,699,152 shares outstanding. Net tangible book value per share is equal to our total tangible assets, less our total liabilities, divided by the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding.

After giving effect to the Pro Forma Adjustments, the pro forma net tangible book value of our Common Stock as of June 30, 2025 was approximately $4,009,146, or approximately $0.74 per share of common stock based upon 5,404,968 shares outstanding.

After giving further effect to the sale of 10,204,081 shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed offering price of $0.98 per share, and after deducting Placement Agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2025 would have been approximately $13,109,146, or $.84 per share of Common Stock. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $0.26 per share to existing stockholders and immediate dilution of $0.14 per share to investors purchasing our Common Stock in this offering at the offering price. The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:

Assumed public offering price per share of Common Stock			$	0.98
Historical net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2025	$	0.48
Increase in net tangible value attributable to the Pro Forma Adjustments	$	0.26
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2025	$	0.74
Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering	$	0.10
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering	$	0.84
Dilution in net tangible book value per share to investors participating in this offering			$	0.14

A $0.10 increase or decrease in the assumed public offering price of $0.98 per share of Common Stock (which is the closing price of our Common Stock on the NYSE American on August 28, 2025) and assuming no sale of Pre-Funded Warrants, would decrease or increase our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share by approximately $0.08 and decrease or increase the dilution per share to new investors by approximately $0.01, assuming that the number of shares of common stock offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the Placement Agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The discussion and table above assume no sale of any Pre-Funded Warrants, which, if sold, would reduce the number of shares of common stock that we are offering on a one-for-one basis.

The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on approximately 2,699,152 shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2025, and excludes:

	●	6,247 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding options, with a weighted average exercise price of $277.06 per share, granted pursuant to our 2016 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”), and our 2023 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”);

	●	Approximately 2,457,731 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants at June 30, 2025, with a weighted average exercise price of $5.32 per share, and an additional 2,728,580 shares of our common stock issuable (2,728,311 common stock in the aggregate) as a result of our draws under the terms of the ELOC Purchase Agreement, including certain issuances made after June 30, 2025, with a weighted average exercise price of $1.31 per share; and

	●	1,120 shares of our common stock reserved for future grants under our 2016 Plan and 181,642 shares of our common stock reserved for future grants under our 2023 Plan.

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES

General

The following description summarizes the most important terms of our capital stock. Because it is only a summary, it does not contain all the information that may be important to you. For a complete description of the matters set forth in this “Description of Securities,” you should refer to our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, and amended and restated bylaws and investor rights agreement, which are included as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and to the applicable provisions of Delaware law.

Our authorized capital stock consists of 200,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share.

There are 5,404,968 shares of our common stock outstanding and no shares of our preferred stock outstanding as of the date of this prospectus. As of the date of this prospectus, we had 14 stockholders of record.

Common Stock

The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock. The holders of common stock are entitled to any dividends that may be declared by the Board out of funds legally available for payment of dividends at such times and in such amounts as the Board in its discretion. In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, holders of common stock are entitled to receive the assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders ratably in proportion to the number of shares of common stock held by the holders of common stock. The holders of shares of common stock have no preemptive, conversion, subscription rights or cumulative voting rights.

Preferred Stock

As of the date of this prospectus, there are a total of 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock authorized for issuance, none of which are outstanding.

Our Board is authorized, without further action by our stockholders, to provide from time to time out of the unissued shares of preferred stock for one or more series of preferred stock, and with respect to each such series, to fix the number of shares constituting such series and the designation of such series, the powers (including voting powers), if any, of the shares of such series and the preferences and relative, participating, optional, special or other rights, if any, and the qualifications, limitations, or restrictions, if any, of the shares of such series. The issuance of our preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power of holders of our common stock and the likelihood that such holders will receive dividend payments and payments upon liquidation. In addition, the issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change of control or other corporate action.

Warrants

We have outstanding the following warrants to purchase shares of our common stock:

	●	Warrants issued in connection with our April 2018 placement of unsecured convertible promissory notes to purchase up to an aggregate of 240 shares of our common stock, at a per share exercise price equal to $95.90. The warrants expire in April 2028.
	●	Warrants issued in connection with our February 2019 placement of Series A-1 convertible preferred shares to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,080 shares of our common stock, at a per share exercise price equal to $1,054.95. The warrants expire in February 2026.
	●	Warrants issued to the underwriter of our IPO to purchase 300 shares of our common stock. These warrants are exercisable at $1,248.75 per share. The warrants expire in June 2028.
	●	Warrants issued to the underwriter of our February 2024 public offering to purchase 3,337 shares of our common stock. These warrants are exercisable at $74.93 per share. The warrants expire in February 2029.
	●	Warrants issued in connection with our July 2024 follow-on public offering to purchase 2,001,351 shares of our common stock. These warrants are exercisable at $4.69 per share. The warrants expire in July 2029.
	●	Warrants issued to the underwriter of our July 2024 follow-on offering to purchase 40,030 shares of our common stock. These warrants are exercisable at $12.52 per share. The warrants expire in July 2029.
	●	Warrants issued to the underwriter of our January 2025 public offering to purchase 29,176 shares of our common stock. These warrants are exercisable at $2.53 per share. The warrants expire in July 2025.
	●	Warrants issued in connection with our February 2025 follow-on offering to purchase 337,232 shares of our common stock. These warrants are exercisable at $3.60 per share. The warrants expire in August 2025.
	●	Warrants issued in connection with our ELOC Purchase Agreement to purchase 315,579 shares of our common stock. These warrants are exercisable at prices ranging from $1.27 to $2.34 per share. The warrants expire five years after their date of issuance.

Stock Incentive Plans

We have adopted the Azitra, Inc. 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, or 2016 Plan, providing for the grant of non-qualified stock options and incentive stock options to purchase shares of our common stock and for the grant of restricted and unrestricted share grants and restricted stock units. We currently have reserved 1,119 shares of our common stock under the 2016 Plan. The purpose of the 2016 Plan is to provide eligible participants with an opportunity to acquire an ownership interest in our company. All officers, directors, employees and consultants to our company are eligible to participate under the 2016 Plan. The 2016 Plan provides that options may not be granted at an exercise price less than the fair market value of our shares of common stock on the date of grant. As of the date of this prospectus, we have outstanding options granted under the 2016 Plan to purchase an aggregate of 6,047 shares of our common stock at an average exercise price of $272.53 per share.

In March 2023, our Board and stockholders approved and adopted the Azitra, Inc. 2023 Stock Incentive Plan, or 2023 Plan, providing for the grant of non-qualified stock options and incentive stock options to purchase shares of our Common Stock and for the grant of restricted and unrestricted share grants and restricted stock units. In November 2024, our stockholders approved amendments to the 2023 Plan that (i) increased the number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued under the 2023 Plan by 171,831 shares and (ii) adopted an evergreen provision to the 2023 Plan providing for an automatic 5% annual increase in the shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the 2023 Plan over the next 10 years, commencing on January 1, 2026. We currently have reserved 181,842 shares of our common stock under the 2023 Plan. The purpose of the 2023 Plan is to provide eligible participants with an opportunity to acquire an ownership interest in our company. All officers, directors, employees and consultants to our company are eligible to participate under the 2023 Plan. The 2023 Plan provides that options may not be granted at an exercise price less than the fair market value of our shares of common stock on the date of grant. As of the date of this report, we have outstanding options granted under the 2023 Plan to purchase an aggregate of 200 shares of our common stock at an average exercise price of $413.59 per share.

Dividends

We do not anticipate the payment of cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Registration Rights

Certain holders of our common stock, or their permitted transferees, are entitled to the registration rights described below. The registration of shares of our common stock pursuant to the exercise of registration rights described below would enable the holders to sell these shares without restriction under the Securities Act when the applicable registration statement is declared effective. We will pay the registration expenses, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions, of the shares registered pursuant to the registrations described below. The registration rights described below will expire upon the earlier of June 20, 2026 or when all investors, considered with their affiliates, can sell all of their shares in a three-month period under Rule 144.

Convertible Preferred Stock Registration Rights. In connection with our convertible preferred stock financings, we entered into an investor rights agreement, as amended, pursuant to which we have granted the purchasers of our convertible preferred stock certain demand and piggyback registration rights. Those parties beneficially hold approximately 32,595 shares of our common stock, including 843 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants issued to the parties in connection with our 2018 placement of our unsecured convertible promissory notes and our 2019 placement of Series A-1 convertible preferred shares.

Pursuant to the investor rights agreement, we are required, upon the written request by the holders of at least 50% of the shares that are entitled to registration rights under the investor rights agreement, to register, as soon as practicable, all or a portion of these shares for public resale. We are required to effect two demand registrations pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1. Subject to our eligibility to use a registration statement on Form S-3, we are required to effect an unlimited number of demand registrations pursuant to Form S-3, provided such requests for registration be for an aggregate offering price, net of the underwriting discounts and commissions, equal or greater than $1 million. Pursuant to the investor rights agreement, we have also granted to the piggyback registration rights and demand registration rights. These demand and piggyback registration rights terminate as to each investor when their shares subject to the registration rights agreement may be sold by the investor pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act without regard to both the volume limitations for sales as provided in Rule 144.

On July 1, 2024, we filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-3 to register the resale of the 32,595 shares of common stock held by the stockholders holding demand registration rights.

Underwriter Registration Rights. In connection with our IPO and February 2024 public offering, we issued to the representative of the underwriters or its designees warrants, referred to as the Representative’s Warrants, to purchase up to a total of 300 and 3,336 shares of our common stock, respectively. The Representative’s Warrants provide for registration rights (including a one-time demand registration right and unlimited piggyback rights) consistent with FINRA Rule 5110.05. The demand for registration may be made at any time beginning on the initial exercise date of the Representative’s Warrants and expiring on the fifth anniversary of the date of the public offering prospectus to which the warrants relate in accordance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(8)(C). In addition to the one-time demand registration right, the Representative’s Warrants have unlimited piggyback rights, for a period of no more than two years from the initial exercise date of the Representative’s Warrants in accordance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(8)(D).

January 2025 Offering. In connection with the January 2025 Offering, we issued to the representative of the underwriter or its designees warrants, referred to as the Placement Agent Warrants, to purchase up to a total of 29,175 shares of our common stock. The Placement Agent Warrants provide for registration rights provide for registration rights (including a one-time demand registration right and unlimited piggyback rights) consistent with FINRA Rule 5110.05. The demand for registration may be made at any time beginning on the initial exercise date of the Placement Agent Warrants and expiring on the fifth anniversary of the date of the public offering prospectus to which the warrants relate in accordance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(8)(C).

February 2025 Offering. In connection with the February 2025 Offering and to induce the February Investors to enter into the February 2025 Purchase Agreement, we entered into the Letter Agreement with the February Investors to (i) issue the February Investors the February Warrants to purchase up to 337,232 shares of common stock (the “February Warrant Shares”), in the aggregate and (ii) granted the February Investors a right for two years from the closing date of the Letter Agreement, to participate in future financings of the Company in an aggregate amount equal to 50% of such financings. Pursuant to the terms of the Letter Agreement, on July 18, 2025, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-288766) with the SEC covering the issuance of the February Warrant Shares underlying the February Warrants, which registration statement became effective on July 23, 2025. The February Warrants were exercisable on the six-month and one day anniversary of their issuance, and their exercise price is equal to $3.60, subject to adjustment in accordance with the terms of the February Warrants.

Alumni Capital LP Equity Line of Credit. The Company entered into the ELOC Purchase Agreement with Alumni in April 2025 through which the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Alumni, and Alumni is obligated to purchase, up to the Investment Amount of ELOC Shares of the Company’s Common Stock in a series of purchases. Upon each purchase, Alumni receives the ELOC Warrants to purchase such number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock equal to 10% of the number of ELOC Shares purchased in the related purchase.

On April 28, 2025, we filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-286809) to register the resale of 11,047 shares of Common Stock, which represents (i) 10,043 ELOC Shares that we may issue and sell to Alumni under the ELOC Purchase Agreement and (ii) 1,004 shares of Common Stock underlying the ELOC Warrants that are issuable upon exercise of the ELOC Warrants that we may issue to Alumni in connection with any single fixed purchase under the ELOC Purchase Agreement. The Form S-1 was declared effective on May 1, 2025.

Further, on August 26, 2025, the Company entered into the Modification Agreement with Alumni whereby the Company may at its election, cause the Purchaser to make a series of purchases of ELOC Shares either at (i) the lowest daily volume weighted average price of the Common Stock during the period commencing on the date that the Company delivers the Purchase Notice and ending on the earlier of (a) five (5) business days immediately following the date of a Purchase Notice, and (b) the date on which the Purchaser notifies the Company that it is prepared to proceed with the closing of the purchase, multiplied by 90%, or (ii) the lowest traded price of Common Stock during the period commencing on the date the Company delivers a Purchase Notice and ending on the earlier of (x) the same business day a Purchase Notice is delivered, and (y) the date on which the Purchaser notifies the Company that it is prepared to proceed with the closing of the purchase, multiplied by 97%.

Depending on the market prices of the Company’s Common Stock at the time it elects to issue and sell ELOC Shares and ELOC Warrants to Alumni under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, we may need to register for resale under the Securities Act additional shares of our Common Stock in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to the full Investment Amount.

Anti-Takeover Effects of Certain Provisions of Delaware Law and Our Charter Documents

The following is a summary of certain provisions of Delaware law and our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, and amended and restated bylaws. This summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the corporate law of Delaware and our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, and amended and restated bylaws.

Delaware Law

We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, an anti-takeover law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination (as defined below) with any interested stockholder (as defined below) for a period of three years following the date that the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless:

	●	prior to that date, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;
	●	upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the number of shares of voting stock outstanding (but not the voting stock owned by the interested stockholder) those shares owned by persons who are directors and officers and by excluding employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or
	●	on or subsequent to that date, the business combination is approved by the board of directors of the corporation and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder.

Section 203 defines “business combination” to include the following:

	●	any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;
	●	any sale, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation involving the interested stockholder;
	●	subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder;
	●	subject to limited exceptions, any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock of any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or
	●	the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits provided by or through the corporation.

In general, Section 203 defines an interested stockholder as any entity or person beneficially owning 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation, or who beneficially owns 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation at any time within a three-year period immediately prior to the date of determining whether such person is an interested stockholder, and any entity or person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by any of these entities or persons.

Our Charter Documents

Our charter documents include provisions that could have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our shares and may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or delaying changes in our control or management. These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continued stability in the composition of our Board and its policies and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened acquisition of us. These provisions are also designed to reduce our vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal and to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. However, such provisions may have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control or an unsolicited acquisition proposal that a stockholder might consider favorable, including a proposal that might result in the payment of a premium over the market price for the shares held by our stockholders. Certain of these provisions are summarized in the following paragraphs.

Effects of authorized but unissued common stock and preferred stock. One of the effects of the existence of authorized but unissued common stock and preferred stock may be to enable our Board to make more difficult or to discourage an attempt to obtain control of our Company by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise, and thereby to protect the continuity of management. If, in the due exercise of its fiduciary obligations, the Board were to determine that a takeover proposal was not in our best interest, such shares could be issued by the Board without stockholder approval in one or more transactions that might prevent or render more difficult or costly the completion of the takeover transaction by diluting the voting or other rights of the proposed acquirer or insurgent stockholder group, by putting a substantial voting block in institutional or other hands that might undertake to support the position of the incumbent Board, by effecting an acquisition that might complicate or preclude the takeover, or otherwise.

Cumulative Voting. Our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended does not provide for cumulative voting in the election of directors, which would allow holders of less than a majority of the stock to elect some directors.

Vacancies. Our amended and restated bylaws provide that all vacancies may be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum.

Special Meeting of Stockholders and Stockholder Action by Written Consent. A special meeting of stockholders may only be called by our Board or the chairperson of our Board. All stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called meeting of stockholders and not by written consent.

Advance Notice Provisions. Our amended and restated bylaws provide advance notice procedures for stockholders seeking to bring business before our annual meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at our annual meeting of stockholders. Our amended and restated bylaws will also specify certain requirements regarding the form and content of a stockholder’s notice. These provisions might preclude our stockholders from bringing matters before our annual meeting of stockholders or from making nominations for directors at our annual meeting of stockholders if the proper procedures are not followed. We expect that these provisions may also discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company.

Choice of Forum. Our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, and amended and restated bylaws will provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our Certificate of Incorporation or our bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for our shares of common stock is VStock Transfer, LLC. The transfer agent and registrar’s address is 18 Lafayette Place, Woodmere, New York 11598.

National Securities Exchange Listing

Our common stock is listed on the NYSE American under the symbol “AZTR.”

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES WE ARE OFFERING

We are offering 10,204,081 shares of our common stock at an assumed public offering price of $0.98 per share (the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American on August 28, 2025). We are also offering Pre-Funded Warrants to those purchasers whose purchase of shares of our common stock in this offering would result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding shares of common stock following the consummation of this offering in lieu of the shares of common stocks that would result in such excess ownership. For each Pre-Funded warrant we sell, the number of shares of common stock we sell in this offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis. We are also registering the shares of our common stock issuable from time to time upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants offered hereby.

Common Stock

The material terms and provisions of our common stock are described under the caption “Description of our Securities” in this prospectus.

Pre-Funded Warrants

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the Pre-Funded Warrants that are being offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the Pre-Funded Warrant, the form of which will be filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of the Pre-Funded Warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the Pre-Funded Warrants.

Duration and Exercise Price

Each Pre-Funded Warrant offered hereby will have an initial exercise price per share of common stock equal to $0.0001. The Pre-Funded Warrants will be immediately exercisable and will expire when exercised in full. The exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of share dividends, share splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting our shares of common stock and the exercise price.

Exercisability

The Pre-Funded Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of common stock purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Pre-Funded Warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding shares of common stock immediately after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of beneficial ownership of outstanding shares after exercising the holder’s Pre-Funded Warrants up to 9.99% of the number of our shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants. Purchasers of Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering may also elect prior to the issuance of the Pre-Funded Warrants to have the initial exercise limitation set at 9.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock.

Cashless Exercise

In lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares of common stock determined according to a formula set forth in the Pre-Funded Warrants.

Fractional Shares

No fractional shares of common stock will be issued upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants. Rather, at the Company’s election, the number of shares of common stock to be issued will be rounded up to the next whole share or the Company will pay a cash adjustment in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price.

Transferability

Subject to applicable laws, a Pre-Funded Warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the Pre-Funded Warrants to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer.

Trading Market

There is no established trading market for the Pre-Funded Warrants, and we do not expect such a market to develop. We do not intend to apply to list the Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be extremely limited.

Right as a Shareholder

Except as otherwise provided in the Pre-Funded Warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of shares of common stock, the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our shares of common stock, including any voting rights, until they exercise their Pre-Funded Warrants. The Pre-Funded Warrants will provide that the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants have the right to participate in distributions or dividends paid on our shares of common stock.

Fundamental Transaction

In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the Pre-Funded Warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our shares of common stock, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding shares of capital stock, any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of more than 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding shares of capital stock, any merger with or into another entity or a tender offer or exchange offer approved by more than 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding shares of capital, then upon any subsequent exercise of a Pre-Funded Warrant, the holder will have the right to receive as alternative consideration, for each share of our common stock that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such fundamental transaction, the number of shares of common stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of our company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration receivable upon or as a result of such transaction by a holder of the number of shares of our common stock for which the Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such event.

Placement Agent Warrants

We have agreed to issue to the Placement Agent or its designees the Placement Agent Warrants to purchase up to a number of common shares equal to 4.0% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock sold in this offering, at an exercise price equal to 125% of the public offering price per share. Please see “Plan of Distribution— Placement Agent Warrants.”

SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE

Future sales of substantial amounts of shares of common stock, including shares issued upon the exercise of outstanding warrants and options, in the public market after this offering, or the possibility of these sales occurring, could adversely affect the prevailing market price for our common stock or impair our ability to raise equity capital.

Upon the completion of this offering, a total of 15,609,049 shares of common stock will be outstanding. All 15,609,049 shares of common stock sold in this offering by us will be freely tradable in the public market without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, unless these shares are held by “affiliates,” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. In addition, of the 5,404,968 shares of our common stock outstanding prior to this offering, approximately 5,404,968 shares will be freely tradable in the public market without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act.

Subject to the lock-up agreements described below and the provisions of Rule 144 under the Securities Act, these restricted securities are available for sale in the public market.

Rule 144

In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, a person who is not deemed to have been one of our affiliates for purposes of the Securities Act at any time during the 90 days preceding a sale and who has beneficially owned the shares proposed to be sold for at least six months, including the holding period of any prior owner other than our affiliates, is entitled to sell such shares without complying with the manner of sale, volume limitation, or notice provisions of Rule 144, subject to compliance with the public information requirements of Rule 144. If such a person has beneficially owned the shares proposed to be sold for at least one year, including the holding period of any prior owner other than our affiliates, then such person is entitled to sell such shares without complying with any of the requirements of Rule 144.

In general, under Rule 144, as currently in effect, our affiliates or persons selling shares on behalf of our affiliates are entitled to sell upon expiration of the lock-up agreements described below, within any three-month period a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of:

	●	1% of the number of shares of common stock then outstanding; or
	●	the average weekly trading volume of the common stock during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to such sale.

Sales under Rule 144 by our affiliates or persons selling shares on behalf of our affiliates are also subject to certain manner of sale provisions and notice requirements and to the availability of current public information about us.

Lock-Up Agreements

We and each of our directors, officers and 5% stockholders have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, not to offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, grant, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, or enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of any shares of our capital stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of our common stock, for a period of time following this offering. Please see “Plan of Distribution – Lock-Up Agreements.”

Equity Plans

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register all of the shares of common stock to be issued or reserved for issuance under our 2016 Plan and 2023 Plan. Shares covered by this registration statement are eligible for sale in the public market, upon the expiration or release from the terms of the lock-up agreements and subject to vesting of such shares.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We have engaged Maxim Group LLC to act as our exclusive placement agent pursuant to a placement agency agreement in connection with this offering, dated as of , 2025. The placement agent is not purchasing or selling any of the securities, nor is it required to arrange for the purchase and sale of any specific number or dollar amount of securities, but have agreed to use their reasonable “best-efforts” to arrange for the sale of the securities offered by this prospectus supplement. Therefore, we may not sell the entire amount of securities being offered.

We may enter into a securities purchase agreement directly with certain of the institutional investors, at the investor’s option, who purchase our securities in this offering. Investors who do not enter into a securities purchase agreement shall rely solely on this prospectus in connection with the purchase of our securities in this offering. The placement agent may engage one or more subagents or selected dealers in connection with this offering.

The placement agency agreement provides that the placement agent’s obligations are subject to conditions contained in the placement agency agreement.

Delivery of the securities offered hereby is expected to occur on or about , 2025, subject to satisfaction or waiver of customary closing conditions.

Placement Agent Fees, Commissions and Expenses

We have agreed to pay the placement agent a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds received from the sale of securities in the offering. We have also agreed to reimburse the placement agent in connection with this offering for its out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with this offering, including the fees and expenses of the counsel for the placement agent, in an amount up to $100,000. Additionally, the Company will pay the placement agent an additional fee of $50,000 in connection with the Company’s entry into the ELOC Purchase Agreement with Alumni in April 2025.

The following table shows the public offering price, placement agent fees and proceeds, before expenses, to us, assuming the purchase of all the securities we are offering.

	Per Share	Total
Public offering price	$	$
Placement agent fees⁽¹⁾	$	$
Proceeds to us, before expenses⁽²⁾	$	$

(1)	We have agreed to pay the placement agent a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds raised in this offering. We have also agreed to reimburse the placement agent for certain of its offering-related expenses, including legal fees and other out-of-pocket expenses, up to $100,000. For more information about the compensation to be received by the placement agent, see “Plan of Distribution.”
(2)	Because there is no minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds required as a condition to closing in this offering, the actual public offering amount, placement agent fees, and proceeds to us, if any, are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the total maximum offering amounts set forth above. For more information, see “Plan of Distribution.”

Placement Agent Warrants

We have agreed to issue to the placement agent or its designees warrants to purchase shares of our common stock in an amount equal to 4% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock (and/or Pre-Funded Warrants) sold in this offering, or the Placement Agent’s Warrants. The Placement Agent’s Warrants will be exercisable at a per share exercise price equal to 125% of the public offering price per share of the shares of common stock sold in this offering. The Placement Agent’s Warrants are exercisable at any time, from time to time, in whole or in part, during the four and one half year period commencing 180 days from the commencement of sales of the securities in this offering.

The Placement Agent’s Warrants and the securities underlying the Placement Agent’s Warrants may not be sold, transferred, assigned, pledged, or hypothecated, nor may they be the subject of any hedging, short sale, derivative, put, or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the Placement Agent’s Warrants or the underlying shares of common stock for a period of 180 days from the commencement of sales in this offering. The Placement Agent’s Warrants will provide for cashless exercise and for registration rights (including a one-time demand registration right and unlimited piggyback rights) consistent with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(8). The Placement Agent’s Warrants will also provide for customary anti-dilution provisions (for stock dividends and splits and recapitalizations) consistent with FINRA Rule 5110.

Indemnification

We have agreed to indemnify the placement agent and specified other persons against certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act, relating to or arising out of the placement agent’s activities under the engagement letter and to contribute to payments that the placement agent may be required to make in respect of such liabilities.

Lock-Up Agreements

We have agreed that for a period of up to 60 days from the closing of this offering, neither we nor any subsidiary may, without the prior written consent of the placement agent (i) issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any shares of common stock or common stock equivalents or (ii) file any registration statement or prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, subject to certain exceptions. The Company has also agreed not to effect or enter into an agreement to effect any issuance of common stock or common stock equivalents involving a Variable Rate Transaction, as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement, for a period of up to 60 days following the closing of this offering (or, in the case of an “at-the-market” offering with the placement agent, up to 60 days from the closing of this offering, and in the case of the ELOC Purchase Agreement, issuances of shares of common stock shall not be deemed a Variable Rate Transaction).

Each of our officers, directors and any other holder(s) of five percent (5%) or more of the outstanding shares of common stock have agreed to be subject to a lock-up period of up to 60 days from the closing of the offering pursuant to this prospectus. This means that, during the applicable lock-up period, such persons may not offer for sale, contract to sell, sell, distribute, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, pledge, hypothecate or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of our shares of common stock or any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, shares of common stock, subject to customary exceptions.

The placement agent may in its sole discretion and at any time without notice release some or all of the shares subject to lock-up agreements prior to the expiration of the lock-up period. When determining whether or not to release shares from the lock-up agreements, the placement agent will consider, among other factors, the security holder’s reasons for requesting the release, the number of shares for which the release is being requested and market conditions at the time.

Regulation M Compliance

The placement agent may be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act, and any commissions received by it and any profit realized on the resale of the securities sold by it while acting as principal might be deemed to be underwriting discounts or commissions under the Securities Act. As an underwriter, the placement agent would be required to comply with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including, without limitation, Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act and Rule 10b-5 and Regulation M under the Exchange Act. These rules and regulations may limit the timing of purchases and sales of common shares by the placement agent acting as principal. Under these rules and regulations, the placement agent:

●	may not engage in any stabilization activity in connection with our securities; and

●	may not bid for or purchase any of our securities or attempt to induce any person to purchase any of our securities, other than as permitted under the Exchange Act, until it has completed its participation in the distribution.

Determination of Offering Price

The actual offering price of the securities we are offering, were negotiated between us, the placement agent and the investors in the offering based on the trading of our shares of common stock prior to the offering, among other things. Other factors considered in determining the public offering price of the securities we are offering include our history and prospects, the stage of development of our business, our business plans for the future and the extent to which they have been implemented, an assessment of our management, the general conditions of the securities markets at the time of the offering and such other factors as were deemed relevant.

From time to time, Maxim may provide in the future various advisory, investment and commercial banking and other services to us in the ordinary course of business, for which they have received and may continue to receive customary fees and commissions. However, except as disclosed in this prospectus supplement, we have no present arrangements with Maxim for any further services.

Electronic Distribution

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on a website maintained by the placement agent. In connection with the offering, the placement agent or selected dealers may distribute prospectuses electronically. No forms of electronic prospectus other than prospectuses that are printable as Adobe^® PDF will be used in connection with this offering.

Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on each of the placement agent’s websites and any information contained in any other website maintained by the placement agent is not part of the prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or either placement agent in its capacity as placement agent and should not be relied upon by investors.

Certain Relationships

The placement agent and its affiliates have and may in the future provide, from time to time, investment banking and financial advisory services to us in the ordinary course of business, for which they may receive customary fees and commissions. The placement agent acted as our placement agent in our offerings that closed in July 2024, January 2025 and February 2025.

Transfer Agent

The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is VStock Transfer, LLC.

Listing

Our shares of common stock are listed on the NYSE American under the symbol “AZTR.”

Selling Restrictions

Canada. The securities may be sold in Canada only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the securities must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.

Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus supplement (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.

Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI 33-105), the placement agents are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding placement agents conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.

European Economic Area . In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each, a “Relevant Member State”) an offer to the public of any securities may not be made in that Relevant Member State, except that an offer to the public in that Relevant Member State of any securities may be made at any time under the following exemptions under the Prospectus Directive, if they have been implemented in that Relevant Member State:

	●	to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined in the Prospectus Directive;

	●	to fewer than 100 or, if the Relevant Member State has implemented the relevant provision of the 2010 PD Amending Directive, 150, natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Directive), as permitted under the Prospectus Directive, subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives for any such offer; or

	●	in any other circumstances falling within Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive, provided that no such offer of securities shall result in a requirement for the publication by us or any placement agents of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive.

For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer to the public” in relation to any securities in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any securities to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase any securities, as the same may be varied in that Member State by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that Member State, the expression “Prospectus Directive” means Directive 2003/71/EC (and amendments thereto, including the 2010 PD Amending Directive, to the extent implemented in the Relevant Member State), and includes any relevant implementing measure in the Relevant Member State, and the expression “2010 PD Amending Directive” means Directive 2010/73/EU.

Israel. This document does not constitute a prospectus under the Israeli Securities Law, 5728-1968, or the Securities Law, and has not been filed with or approved by the Israel Securities Authority. In the State of Israel, this document is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer of the shares is directed only at, investors listed in the first addendum, or the Addendum, to the Israeli Securities Law, consisting primarily of joint investment in trust funds, provident funds, insurance companies, banks, portfolio managers, investment advisors, members of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, placement agents, venture capital funds, entities with equity in excess of NIS 50 million and “qualified individuals”, each as defined in the Addendum (as it may be amended from time to time), collectively referred to as qualified investors (in each case purchasing for their own account or, where permitted under the Addendum, for the accounts of their clients who are investors listed in the Addendum). Qualified investors will be required to submit written confirmation that they fall within the scope of the Addendum, are aware of the meaning of same and agree to it.

United Kingdom. Each placement agent has represented and agreed that:

	●	it has only communicated or caused to be communicated and will only communicate or cause to be communicated an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (the FSMA) received by it in connection with the issue or sale of the securities in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to us; and

	●	it has complied and will comply with all applicable provisions of the FSMA with respect to anything done by it in relation to the securities in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.

Switzerland. The securities may not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange (the SIX) or on any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This document has been prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Code of Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the securities or the offering may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.

Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the offering, or the securities have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory authority. In particular, this document will not be filed with, and the offer of securities will not be supervised by, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA, and the offer of securities has not been and will not be authorized under the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes (CISA). Accordingly, no public distribution, offering or advertising, as defined in CISA, its implementing ordinances and notices, and no distribution to any non-qualified investor, as defined in CISA, its implementing ordinances and notices, shall be undertaken in or from Switzerland, and the investor protection afforded to acquirers of interests in collective investment schemes under CISA does not extend to acquirers of securities.

Australia. No placement document, prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document has been lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), in relation to the offering.

This prospectus does not constitute a prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act 2001 (the Corporations Act) and does not purport to include the information required for a prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act.

Any offer in Australia of the securities may only be made to persons (the Exempt Investors) who are “sophisticated investors” (within the meaning of section 708(8) of the Corporations Act), “professional investors” (within the meaning of section 708(11) of the Corporations Act) or otherwise pursuant to one or more exemptions contained in section 708 of the Corporations Act so that it is lawful to offer the securities without disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act.

The securities applied for by Exempt Investors in Australia must not be offered for sale in Australia in the period of 12 months after the date of allotment under the offering, except in circumstances where disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act would not be required pursuant to an exemption under section 708 of the Corporations Act or otherwise or where the offer is pursuant to a disclosure document which complies with Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act. Any person acquiring securities must observe such Australian on-sale restrictions.

This prospectus contains general information only and does not take account of the investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs of any particular person. It does not contain any securities recommendations or financial product advice. Before making an investment decision, investors need to consider whether the information in this prospectus is appropriate to their needs, objectives and circumstances, and, if necessary, seek expert advice on those matters.

Notice to Prospective Investors in the Cayman Islands. No invitation, whether directly or indirectly, may be made to the public in the Cayman Islands to subscribe for our securities.

Taiwan. The securities have not been and will not be registered with the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan pursuant to relevant securities laws and regulations and may not be sold, issued or offered within Taiwan through a public offering or in circumstances which constitutes an offer within the meaning of the Securities and Exchange Act of Taiwan that requires a registration or approval of the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan. No person or entity in Taiwan has been authorized to offer, sell, give advice regarding or otherwise intermediate the offering and sale of the securities in Taiwan.

Notice to Prospective Investors in Hong Kong. The contents of this prospectus have not been reviewed by any regulatory authority in Hong Kong. You are advised to exercise caution in relation to the offer. If you are in any doubt about any of the contents of this prospectus, you should obtain independent professional advice. Please note that (i) our shares may not be offered or sold in Hong Kong, by means of this prospectus or any document other than to “professional investors” within the meaning of Part I of Schedule 1 of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap.571, Laws of Hong Kong) (SFO) and any rules made thereunder, or in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.32, Laws of Hong Kong) (CO) or which do not constitute an offer or invitation to the public for the purpose of the CO or the SFO, and (ii) no advertisement, invitation or document relating to our shares may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere) which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public in Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to the shares which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” within the meaning of the SFO and any rules made thereunder.

Notice to Prospective Investors in the People’s Republic of China. This prospectus may not be circulated or distributed in the PRC and the shares may not be offered or sold, and will not offer or sell to any person for re-offering or resale directly or indirectly to any resident of the PRC except pursuant to applicable laws, rules and regulations of the PRC. For the purpose of this paragraph only, the PRC does not include Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

LEGAL MATTERS

Thompson Hine, LLP, New York, New York, will pass upon the validity of the shares of common stock and Pre-Funded Warrants offered hereby. Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP, New York, New York, has acted as counsel for the placement agent in connection with certain legal matters related to this offering.

EXPERTS

The financial statements as of and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 included in this prospectus have been so included in reliance on the report of Grassi & Co., CPAs, P.C., an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE

The SEC permits us to “incorporate by reference” the information and reports we file with it. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring to another document. The information that we incorporate by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus, and later information that we file with the SEC automatically updates and supersedes this information. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below, except to the extent information in those documents is different from the information contained in this prospectus, and all future documents filed with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (other than current reports furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K and exhibits filed on such form that are related to such items unless such Form 8-K expressly provides to the contrary) until we terminate the offering of these securities:

●	Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on February 24, 2025;

●	Our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, filed on May 13, 2025, for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, filed on August 11, 2025;

●	Our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 16, 2025, February 6, 2025, February 6, 2025 (both filed on that date), February 20, 2025, April 24, 2025, May 2, 2025, June 18, 2025, June 23, 2025, July 3, 2025, August 20, 2025, and August 29, 2025 (other than any information under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of each incorporated Form 8-K);

●	Our definitive proxy statement filed on January 14, 2025 and May 29, 2025 (and our proxy statement supplement dated June 18, 2025); and

●	The description of our common stock set forth in our registration statement on Form 8-A12B filed with the SEC on May 16, 2023.

To the extent that any statement in this prospectus is inconsistent with any statement that is incorporated by reference and that was made on or before the date of this prospectus, the statement in this prospectus shall supersede such incorporated statement and the incorporated statement shall not be deemed, except as modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus or the registration statement. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or other document are not necessarily complete and, in each instance, we refer you to the copy of each contract or document filed as an exhibit to our various filings made with the SEC.

You may request a copy of these filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at the following address or telephone number:

Azitra, Inc.

21 Business Park Drive,

Branford, Connecticut 06405

Attention: Corporate Secretary

Telephone: (203) 646-6446

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the shares of common stock offered by this prospectus. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all the information set forth in the registration statement, some of which is contained in exhibits to the registration statement as permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC. For further information with respect to us and our shares of common stock, we refer you to the registration statement, including the exhibits filed as a part of the registration statement. Statements contained in this prospectus concerning the contents of any contract or any other document is not necessarily complete. If a contract or document has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, please see the copy of the contract or document that has been filed. Each statement is this prospectus relating to a contract or document filed as an exhibit is qualified in all respects by the filed exhibit. The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.

In addition, we file annual, quarterly and current reports and proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. These filings are also available free of charge to the public on, or accessible through, our corporate website at www.azitrainc.com. Our website and the information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not deemed to be incorporated by reference in, and is not considered part of, this prospectus. You should not rely on any such information in making your decision whether to purchase our common stock.

We have not authorized anyone to give you any information or to make any representations about us or the transactions we discuss in this prospectus other than those contained in this prospectus. If you are given any information or representations about these matters that is not discussed in this prospectus, you must not rely on that information. This prospectus is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy securities anywhere or to anyone where or to whom we are not permitted to offer or sell securities under applicable law.

Up to 10,204,081 Shares of Common Stock

Up to 10,204,081 Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase Shares of Common Stock

Up to 408,163 Placement Agent Warrants to Purchase Shares of Common Stock

Up to 10,204,081 Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants

Up to 408,163 Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Placement Agent Warrants

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

Maxim Group LLC

, 2025

PART II - INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 13. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.

The following table sets forth the various expenses to be incurred in connection with the sale and distribution of our common stock being registered hereby, all of which will be borne by us (except any placement agent fees and expenses incurred for brokerage, accounting, tax or legal services or any other expenses incurred in disposing of the shares). All amounts are estimated except the SEC registration fee and the FINRA filing fee.

Description	Amount
SEC Registration Fee	$	1,607.55
FINRA Filing Fee		2,000
Expenses of the Placement Agent		100,000
Printing Expenses		10,000
Accounting Fees and Expenses		25,000
Legal Fees and Expenses		150,000
Transfer and Warrant Agent’s and Registrar’s Fees and Expenses		25,000
Miscellaneous Fees		30,000
Total	$	343,607.55

Item 14. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.

The following summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete text of any statutes referred to below and the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, or Certificate of Incorporation, of Azitra, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

Section 145 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”) permits a Delaware corporation to indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the corporation) by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if the person acted in good faith and in a manner the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe the person’s conduct was unlawful.

In the case of an action by or in the right of the corporation, Section 145 of the DGCL permits a Delaware corporation to indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if the person acted in good faith and in a manner the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses that the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.

II-1

Section 145 of the DGCL also permits a Delaware corporation to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by such person in any such capacity, or arising out of such person’s status as such, whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such liability under Section 145 of the DGCL.

Our Certificate of Incorporation states that to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL our directors shall not be personally liable to us or to our stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director. If the DGCL is amended after the date hereof to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of directors, then the liability of our directors shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as so amended.

Our Certificate of Incorporation requires us, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, to provide indemnification of (and advancement of expenses to) our directors and officers, and authorizes us, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, to provide indemnification of (and advancement of expenses to) to other employees and agents (and any other persons to which the DGCL permits us to provide indemnification) through bylaw provisions, agreements with such directors, officers, employees, agents or other persons, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, subject only to limits created by the DGCL with respect to actions for breach of duty to our corporation, our stockholders and others.

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that we shall, to the maximum extent and in the manner permitted by the DGCL, indemnify each of our directors, officers and all other persons we have the power to indemnify under Section 145 of the DGCL against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines, settlements and other amounts actually and reasonably incurred in connection with any proceeding, arising by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director of the Company. We may maintain insurance, at our expense, to protect the Company and any of our directors, officers, employees or agents against any such expense, liability or loss, whether or not we have the power to indemnify such person.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers that may be broader than the specific indemnification provisions contained in the DGCL. These indemnification agreements require us, among other things, to indemnify our directors and executive officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service. These indemnification agreements also require us to advance all expenses incurred by the directors and executive officers in investigating or defending any such action, suit, or proceeding. We believe that these agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve as directors and executive officers.

Prior to the closing of this offering, we plan to enter into an underwriting agreement, which will provide that the underwriters are obligated, under some circumstances, to indemnify our directors, officers and controlling persons against specified liabilities.

Item 15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.

Issuances of capital stock

The following list sets forth information regarding all unregistered securities sold by us over the three-year period preceding the date of the prospectus that forms a part of this registration statement.

In January 2022, we sold to one investor an unsecured convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $1,000,000. In January 2023, the principal amount of the note, along with all accrued interest, was converted into 3,518 shares of our Series B convertible preferred stock. Subsequently, these shares were converted into common stock upon the consummation of the IPO.

II-2

In September 2022, we conducted the placement of our unsecured convertible promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $4.35 million to five investors. The principal amount of the notes, along with all accrued and unpaid interest thereunder, converted into 9,239 shares of our common stock upon the consummation of the IPO.

No underwriters were involved in the foregoing issuances of securities. We believe the offers, sales and issuances of the above securities by us were exempt from registration under the Securities Act by virtue of Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506 thereunder as transactions not involving a public offering. All of the investors were accredited investors as such term is defined in Rule 501 under the Securities Act. The recipients of the securities in each of these transactions represented their intentions to acquire the securities for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof, and appropriate legends were placed upon the stock certificates, notes and warrants issued in these transactions. All recipients had adequate access, through their relationships with us, to information about our Company. The sales of these securities were made without any general solicitation or advertising.

On January 14, 2025, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement (the “Placement Agency Agreement”) with Maxim Group LLC (the “Placement Agent”) in connection with the offer and sale to investors of up to 729,396 shares (the “Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, at an offering price of $2.00 per Share (the “Offering”). In connection with the Offering, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain of the purchasers in the Offering. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the Offering were approximately $1.5 million, before deducting placement agent fees and other estimated offering expenses. The Offering closed on January 16, 2025.

The Placement Agent acted as the Company’s exclusive placement agent in the Offering. Pursuant to the terms of the Placement Agency Agreement, the Company has agreed to pay the Placement Agent a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds raised in the Offering. The Company also agreed to reimburse the Placement Agent for certain expenses. As additional compensation, the Company agreed to issue to the Placement Agent (or its designees) an unregistered warrant (the “Placement Agent Warrant”) to purchase an aggregate of 29,175 shares of Common Stock (the “Placement Agent Warrant Shares”), which represents 4.0% of the aggregate number of Shares sold in the Offering, at an exercise price per share equal to 125% of the offering price of each Share, or $2.53. The Placement Agent Warrants are exercisable six (6) months from the date of issuance and expire five years from the commencement of sales in this Offering. The Placement Agent Warrant may be exercisable via “cashless exercise” in certain circumstances.

The Placement Agent Warrants and the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or the securities laws of any state, and are being offered and sold in reliance on the exemption from registration under the Securities Act afforded by Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act and Regulation D promulgated thereunder as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering.

On February 6, 2025, the Company closed an offering of 374,702 shares (the “February 2025 Shares”) of the Company’s common stock to certain investors (the “Investors”) pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) dated February 4, 2025, between the Company and the Investors, as amended on February 5, 2025. On February 6, 2025, in connection with the Investors’ agreement to enter into the amendment to the SPA, the Company and the Investors entered into a letter agreement (the “Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company will (i) issue the Investors warrants to purchase up to 337,232 shares of Common Stock, in the aggregate (the “February 2025 Warrants”), and (ii) grant the investors a right for two years from the closing date of the Letter Agreement, to participate in future financings of the Company in an aggregate amount equal to 50% of such financings. Pursuant to the terms of the Letter Agreement, the Company must file a registration statement covering the issuance of the shares Common Stock underlying the February 2025 Warrants and use its best efforts to cause the registration statement to become effective by the six-month anniversary of the closing of the Letter Agreement. The February 2025 Warrants are exercisable on the six-month and one day anniversary of their issuance, and their exercise price is equal to the greater of the (i) book value or (ii) market value of the Common Stock as determined under NYSE American Rules. The February 2025 Warrants and the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the February 2025 Warrants have not been registered under the Securities Act, or the securities laws of any state, and are being offered and sold in reliance on the exemption from registration under the Securities Act afforded by Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act and/or Regulation D promulgated thereunder as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering.

On April 24, 2025, the Company entered into the ELOC Purchase Agreement with Alumni, whereby the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Alumni, and Alumni is obligated to purchase up to the Investment Amount of ELOC Shares of the Company’s common stock in a series of purchases. The purchase price of the ELOC Shares that the Company elects to sell to Alumni pursuant to the ELOC Purchase Agreement will be equal to the lowest daily volume weighted average price of the common stock during the period commencing on the date that the Company delivers a notice requiring the purchase of ELOC Shares by Alumni and ending on the earlier to occur of (i) five (5) business days immediately following such date and (ii) the date on which Alumni notifies the Company that it is prepared to proceed with the relevant closing, multiplied by 90%. Upon each purchase, Alumni receives ELOC Warrants to purchase such number of shares of the Company’s common stock equal to 10% of the number of ELOC Shares purchased in the related purchase. The exercise price of the ELOC Warrants equals 130% of the price per share paid upon closing. The exercise of the ELOC Warrants were subject to stockholder approval, which the Company received at its annual meeting of shareholders held on June 23, 2025, and expire five years after issuance. The ELOC Warrants may be exercised via cashless exercise if there is no effective registration statement, or current prospectus available for, the resale of the shares underlying the ELOC Warrants. The issuance of the ELOC Shares and the ELOC Warrants to Alumni were or will be made pursuant to exemptions from the registration requirement of the Securities Act provided by Section 4(a)(2) thereunder. In accordance with the ELOC Purchase Agreement, the Company registered the offering and resale by Alumni of up to 10,043 shares of the Company’s common stock and up to 1,004 shares underlying the ELOC Warrants issuable upon exercise of the ELOC Warrants on Form S-1 (File No. 333-286809), which was declared effective by the SEC on May 1, 2025

II-3

Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

(a) Exhibits.

Exhibit No.	Description of Document	Method of Filing

1.1**	Form of Placement Agent Agreement	Filed herewith.

1.2	Placement Agency Agreement dated July 23, 2024 between the Company and Maxim Group LLC	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 25, 2024 (File No. 001-41705).

3.1	Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2023 (File No. 001-41705).

3.2	Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2023 (File No. 001-41705).

3.3	Certificate of Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on July 1, 2024 (File No. 280648).

3.4	Certificate of Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 3, 2025 (File No. 001-41705)

4.1	Specimen Certificate representing shares of Common Stock.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form S-1 filed on June 13, 2023 (File No. 333-269876).

4.2	Form of Warrant issued to private placement investors.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form S-1 filed on June 13, 2023 (File No. 333-269876).

4.3	Form of Representative’s Warrant dated June 20, 2023 issued to ThinkEquity LLC.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form S-1 filed on June 13, 2023 (File No. 333-269876).

4.4	Form of Representative’s Warrant dated February 13, 2024 issued to ThinkEquity LLC.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 14, 2024.

4.5	Form of Class A Warrant	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 21, 2024 (File No. 001-41705).

4.6	Form of Placement Agent Warrant	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 21, 2024 (File No. 001-41705).
4.7	Warrant Agent Agreement dated July 25, 2025 between the Company and VStock Transfer LLC	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 21, 2024 (File No. 001-41705).
4.8	Form of Placement Agent Warrant	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 16, 2025 (File No. 001-41705).

4.9	Form of Warrant	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2025 (File No. 001-41705).

4.10	Form of Warrant issued to Alumni Capital	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 24, 2025 (File No. 001-41705)

4.11**	Form of Pre-Funded Common Warrant to be issued in this offering.	Filed herewith.

4.12**	Form of Placement Agent’s Warrant to be issued in this offering.	Filed herewith.

5.1**	Opinion of Thompson Hine, LLP.	Filed herewith.

10.1+	Azitra, Inc. 2016 Stock Incentive Plan.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form S-1 filed on June 13, 2023 (File No. 333-269876).

10.2+	Azitra, Inc. 2023 Stock Incentive Plan.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Form S-1 filed on June 13, 2023 (File No. 333-269876).

10.3+	Executive Employment Agreement dated April 22, 2021 between the Registrant and Francisco D. Salva.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Form S-1 filed on June 13, 2023 (File No. 333-269876).

II-4

10.4+	Executive Employment Agreement dated July 5, 2023 between the Registrant and Travis Whitfill.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Form S-1 filed on January 19, 2024 (File No. 333-276598).

10.5+	Form of Indemnity Agreement between the Registrant and each of its directors and executive officers.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form S-1 filed on June 13, 2023 (File No. 333-269876).

10.6	Second Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement dated September 10, 2020 between the Registrant and each of the investors named therein.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form S-1 filed on June 13, 2023 (File No. 333-269876).

10.7	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between the Company and Maxim Group LLC	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 21, 2024 (File No. 001-41705).

10.8	Placement Agency Agreement	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 16, 2025 (File No. 001-41705).

10.9	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 16, 2025 (File No. 001-41705).

10.10	Placement Agency Agreement	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2025 (File No. 001-41705).

10.11	Form of Amended and Restated Securities Purchase Agreement	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2025 (File No. 001-41705).

10.12	Form of Letter Agreement	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2025 (File No. 001-41705).

10.13	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 24, 2025 (File No. 001-41705).

10.14	Modification Agreement, dated August 26, 2025, by and between Azitra, Inc. and Alumni Capital LP.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 29, 2025 (File No. 001-41705).

10.15**	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement to be entered into by the Registrant in this offering	Filed herewith.

21.1	List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant.	Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to the Company’s Form S-1 filed on June 13, 2023 (File No. 333-269876).

23.1**	Consent of Thompson Hine LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1)	Filed herewith.

23.2**	Consent of Grassi & Co., CPAs, P.C., Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.	Filed herewith.

24.1**	Power of Attorney.	Filed herewith.

107**	Filing Fee Table.	Filed herewith.

+ Indicates management compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

* To be filed by amendment.

** Filed herewith.

II-5

(b) Financial Statement Schedules.

All schedules have been omitted because they are not required or are not applicable.

Item 17. Undertakings.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriter at the closing specified in the underwriting agreements, certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

(1)

To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act;

ii.

 To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and

iii.

To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement; provided, however, that paragraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) above do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is a part of the registration statement.

(2)

That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

II-6

(3)

To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(4)

That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

(5)

That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities: the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser: (i) any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424; (ii) any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant; (iii) the portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and (iv) any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

II-7

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Branford, State of Connecticut, on August 29, 2025.

AZITRA, INC.

/s/ Francisco D. Salva
Francisco D. Salva
Chief Executive Officer and Director

POWER OF ATTORNEY

Each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Francisco D. Salva, his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement, any subsequent registration statements pursuant to Rule 462 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. This power of attorney may be executed in counterparts.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date

/s/ Francisco D. Salva	President,
Francisco D. Salva	Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)	August 29, 2025

/s/ Norman Staskey	Chief Financial Officer
Norman Staskey	and Secretary (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	August 29, 2025

/s/ Travis Whitfill
Travis Whitfill	Chief Operating Officer, Treasurer and Director	August 29, 2025

/s/ Barbara Ryan
Barbara Ryan	Director	August 29, 2025

/s/ John Schroer
John Schroer	Director	August 29, 2025

II-8

SEC Form S-1 filed by Azitra Inc