fslr-20230330

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

SCHEDULE 14A

Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

(Amendment No. )


Filed by the Registrant þ
Filed by a party other than the Registrant ¨

Check the appropriate box:


¨			Preliminary Proxy Statement
¨			Confidential, for Use of the Commission Only (as permitted by Rule 14a-6(e)(2))
þ			Definitive Proxy Statement
¨			Definitive Additional Materials
¨			Soliciting Material under §240.14a-12

First Solar, Inc.

(Name of Registrant as Specified In Its Charter)

(Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement, if other than the Registrant)

Payment of Filing Fee (Check all boxes that apply):


þ			No fee required
¨			Fee paid previously with preliminary materials
¨			Fee computed on table in exhibit required by Item 25(b) per Exchange Act Rules 14a-6(i)(1) and 0-11

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First Solar, Inc.

350 West Washington Street

Suite 600

Tempe, Arizona 85288

March 30, 2023

Dear Stockholder:

You are cordially invited to attend the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders of First Solar, Inc. on Tuesday, May 9, 2023 at 12:00 p.m., Eastern Time, which will be a virtual meeting, conducted via live webcast.

The virtual meeting format allows all of our stockholders the opportunity to participate in the annual meeting no matter where they are located. If you plan to attend the annual meeting virtually on the Internet, please follow the instructions in the “Questions and Answers About the Annual Meeting” section of this proxy statement.

This proxy statement contains important information about participating in the annual meeting, proxy voting, and the business to be conducted at the annual meeting, as does the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials that has been mailed to each stockholder (each, a “Notice”). Each Notice also describes how you can access this proxy statement and a copy of our 2022 Annual Report to stockholders (the “2022 Annual Report”) on the Internet. We encourage you to read our 2022 Annual Report. It includes our audited consolidated financial statements and information about our operations, markets, and products.

Your vote is important. Whether or not you plan to attend the annual meeting, we hope you will vote as soon as possible. If you are a stockholder of record, you may vote on the Internet or by telephone, and, if you requested to receive printed proxy materials, by mailing the proxy card. If you hold your shares beneficially in street name, you may vote on the Internet and as is otherwise provided in the Notice you receive from your broker, bank, or other nominee. Please carefully review the instructions regarding each of your voting options described in this proxy statement and in any Notice you receive from us or your broker, bank, or other nominee.


Sincerely,

Mark R. Widmar
Chief Executive Officer

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First Solar, Inc.

350 West Washington Street

Suite 600

Tempe, Arizona 85288

NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

The 2023 annual meeting of stockholders of First Solar, Inc. will be held on Tuesday, May 9, 2023 at 12:00 p.m., Eastern Time, virtually on the Internet. You will be able to attend the annual meeting, vote, and submit questions during the meeting by visiting meetnow.global/MC2SGA6. Further information regarding attendance, including how to access the virtual meeting, is set forth in the “Questions and Answers About the Annual Meeting” section of this proxy statement.

The purposes of the annual meeting are as follows:

1.to elect twelve members of the board of directors to hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders or until their respective successors have been elected and qualified;

2.to ratify the appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as First Solar, Inc.’s independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2023;

3.to approve an advisory resolution on the compensation of our named executive officers;

4.to approve an advisory resolution on the frequency of the advisory vote on the compensation of our named executive officers; and

5.to transact such other business as may properly come before the annual meeting.

Any action may be taken on the foregoing proposals at the annual meeting on the date specified above or on any date or dates to which the annual meeting may be adjourned or postponed.

The close of business on March 20, 2023 is the record date for determining stockholders entitled to vote at the annual meeting. Only holders of common stock of First Solar, Inc. as of the record date are entitled to vote on the matters listed in this notice of annual meeting of stockholders. A complete list of stockholders entitled to vote at the annual meeting will be available for inspection by stockholders during normal business hours at our corporate headquarters located at 350 West Washington Street, Suite 600, Tempe, Arizona 85288 during the 10 days prior to the annual meeting. The list of stockholders will also be made available to stockholders virtually during the annual meeting. The Notice is first being mailed to stockholders, and this proxy statement is first being made available to stockholders, on or about March 30, 2023.


By order of the board of directors,

Jason Dymbort
General Counsel & Secretary
March 30, 2023


Your vote is very important Whether or not you plan to attend the annual meeting, we encourage you to read this proxy statement and submit your proxy or voting instructions as soon as possible. For specific instructions on how to vote your shares, please refer to the instructions in any Notice you receive, in the section entitled “Questions and Answers About the Annual Meeting” beginning on page 1 of this proxy statement or, if you requested to receive printed proxy materials, in the proxy card or voting instruction form enclosed with such proxy materials.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


			Page
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE ANNUAL MEETING			1
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE			6
DIRECTORS			17
NON-ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR COMPENSATION			24
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS			26
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS			27
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES			28
COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS			29
COMPENSATION COMMITTEE REPORT			44
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION			45
PROPOSAL NO. 1: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS			62
PROPOSAL NO. 2: RATIFICATION OF THE APPOINTMENT OF PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP			63
PROPOSAL NO. 3: ADVISORY VOTE ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION			64
PROPOSAL NO. 4: ADVISORY VOTE ON THE FREQUENCY OF THE ADVISORY VOTE ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION			65
DELINQUENT SECTION 16(a) REPORTS			66
OTHER MATTERS			66
HOUSEHOLDING			66
STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS A N D DIRECTOR NOMINATIONS			67
REPORT OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS			68

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First Solar, Inc.

350 West Washington Street

Suite 600

Tempe, Arizona 85288

PROXY STATEMENT

This proxy statement is being furnished in connection with the solicitation of proxies by the board of directors of First Solar, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“First Solar,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), for use at the annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders to be held virtually on the Internet on Tuesday, May 9, 2023 commencing at 12:00 p.m., Eastern Time, and at any adjournment or postponement. Instructions on how to attend the annual meeting can be found below in “Questions and Answers About the Annual Meeting – How can I attend and vote at the annual meeting?”

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE ANNUAL MEETING

What is the purpose of the annual meeting?

At the annual meeting, stockholders are being asked to consider and vote upon the following matters:

•the election of twelve members of the board of directors to hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders or until their respective successors have been elected and qualified;

•the ratification of the appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2023;

•the approval, on an advisory basis, of the compensation of our named executive officers; and

•the approval, on an advisory basis, of the frequency of advisory votes on the compensation of our named executive officers.

The stockholders will also transact any other business that may properly come before the annual meeting.

Why did I receive a notice in the mail regarding the Internet availability of proxy materials instead of a full set of proxy materials?

We are pleased to again take advantage of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (the “Commission” or the “SEC”) “notice and access” rules that permit our proxy materials to primarily be provided on the Internet instead of mailing printed copies. This delivery method enables us to provide you with the information you need, while making delivery more efficient and environmentally friendly. In accordance with these rules, we have mailed a Notice to each of our stockholders of record, while stockholders who hold their shares beneficially in street name, as described further below, will receive a separate Notice directly from their broker, bank, or other nominee. The Notice was first mailed on or about March 30, 2023.

The Notice you receive will provide instructions regarding how you may access our proxy materials and our 2022 Annual Report on the Internet and will also provide instructions regarding how you may submit your proxy on the Internet. If you would like to receive a paper or email copy of our proxy materials, you should follow the instructions for requesting such materials in the Notice you receive. You will not receive a printed copy of the proxy materials unless you specifically request one (or have made such a request in the past).

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What is the difference between holding shares as a stockholder of record and as a beneficial owner?

Most First Solar stockholders hold their shares through a broker, bank, or other nominee rather than directly in their own name. As summarized below, there are some distinctions between shares held of record and those owned beneficially.

Stockholder of Record

If your shares are registered directly in your name with our transfer agent, Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (“Computershare”), you are considered, with respect to those shares, the stockholder of record, and a Notice was sent directly to you by First Solar. As the stockholder of record, you have the right to attend the annual meeting and vote your shares during the meeting. If you are a stockholder of record and complete a valid proxy without indicating your voting preference for any of the four proposals, the proxy holders will vote your shares in accordance with the board of directors’ recommendations with respect to such proposals. If you will not be attending the annual meeting, you may also vote by granting a proxy over the Internet or by telephone, and, if you requested to receive printed proxy materials, by mailing the proxy card, as described in the Notice and below under the heading “How can I vote my shares without attending the annual meeting?”

Beneficial Owner

If your shares are held in an account at a brokerage firm, bank, broker-dealer, trust, or other nominee, like the substantial majority of our stockholders, you are considered the beneficial owner of shares held in street name, and a Notice was sent to you by your nominee. As the beneficial owner, you are invited to attend the annual meeting and vote your shares during the meeting, except that, since a beneficial owner is not the stockholder of record, you may not attend or vote your shares during the annual meeting unless you obtain a “legal proxy” from the broker, bank, or other nominee that holds your shares as described in the Notice you receive and below under the heading “How can I attend and vote at the annual meeting?”

If you hold shares beneficially in street name and do not provide your broker, bank, or other nominee with voting instructions, your shares may constitute “broker non-votes.” Generally, broker non-votes occur on a matter when a broker is not permitted to vote on that matter without instructions from the beneficial owner and instructions are not given by the beneficial owner. Please note that brokers, banks, and other nominees may not use discretionary authority to vote shares on the election of directors, or certain other matters if they have not received specific instructions from their clients. For your vote to be counted on such matters, you will need to communicate your voting decisions to your bank, broker, or other nominee before the date of the annual meeting or obtain a legal proxy to attend and vote at the annual meeting.

If you will not be attending the annual meeting, you may vote over the Internet and as otherwise described in the Notice you receive and below under the heading “How can I vote my shares without attending the annual meeting?”

How do I get electronic access to the proxy materials?

The Notice you receive will provide instructions regarding how you may view our proxy materials for the annual meeting and 2022 Annual Report on the Internet. If you are a stockholder of record, the Notice you receive will provide instructions regarding how you may instruct us to send our future proxy materials to you electronically by email, while if you are a beneficial owner, you should consult with your broker, bank, or other nominee regarding how to request electronic access to future proxy materials.

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Choosing to receive your future proxy materials by email will save us the cost of printing and mailing documents to you and will reduce the environmental impact of printing and mailing these materials. If you choose to receive future proxy materials by email, you will receive an email next year with instructions containing a link to those materials and a link to the proxy voting site. Your election to receive proxy materials by email will remain in effect until you terminate it.

How does the board of directors recommend that I vote?

The board of directors recommends that you vote your shares (1) “FOR” each of the nominees to the board of directors named in this proxy statement, (2) “FOR” the ratification of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2023, (3) “FOR” approval of the resolution to approve the compensation of our named executive officers, and (4) a vote for submitting the advisory vote on the compensation of our named executive officers to stockholders every “ONE YEAR.”

Who is entitled to vote?

Only stockholders of record at the close of business on the record date are entitled to notice of and to vote at the annual meeting. The record date for the annual meeting is March 20, 2023. Attendance at the virtual annual meeting will be limited to such stockholders of record, their proxies, beneficial owners that have obtained a legal proxy from their stockholder of record, and our invited guests.

The Company’s sole outstanding capital stock is its common stock, with a par value of $0.001 per share. Each holder of our common stock is entitled to one vote per share on each matter submitted at the annual meeting. At the close of business on the record date, there were 106,822,703 shares of our common stock outstanding and eligible to vote at the annual meeting.

How can I attend and vote at the annual meeting?

Stockholders of record at the close of business on March 20, 2023 will be able to attend the annual meeting, vote, and submit questions during the annual meeting by visiting meetnow.global/MC2SGA6 at the meeting date and time. We encourage you to access the annual meeting prior to the start time. To access the virtual annual meeting from the website, you will need to use the 15-digit control number located in the shaded bar on the Notice you receive or on the proxy card.

Have the Notice or proxy card in hand when you access the website and then follow the instructions. If you are a stockholder of record, you are already registered for the virtual meeting. If you hold your shares beneficially in street name, you must register in advance to attend the virtual meeting, vote, and submit questions. To register in advance, you must obtain a legal proxy from the broker, bank, or other nominee that holds your shares giving you the right to vote the shares. You must forward a copy of the legal proxy along with your email address to Computershare. Requests for registration should be directed to:

Computershare

First Solar Legal Proxy

P.O. Box 43001

Providence, RI 02940-3001

Requests from beneficial owners for registration must be labeled as “Legal Proxy” and be received no later than 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on May 1, 2023. Even if you plan to attend the virtual meeting, we recommend that you also submit your proxy or voting instructions as described below so that your vote will be counted if you later decide not to attend the meeting.

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Stockholders of record and beneficial owners who duly registered to attend the annual meeting will be able to vote their shares and submit questions at any time during the virtual meeting by following the instructions on the website referenced above.

If you have technical difficulties or trouble accessing the virtual meeting, please access the support link provided on the website referenced above.

How can I vote my shares without attending the annual meeting?

Whether you hold shares directly as the stockholder of record or beneficially in street name, you may direct how your shares are voted without attending the annual meeting. If you are a stockholder of record, you may vote by proxy. You can vote by proxy over the Internet or telephone by following the instructions provided in the Notice and, if you requested to receive printed proxy materials, you can also vote by mail pursuant to instructions provided on the proxy card. If you hold shares beneficially in street name, you may vote by proxy over the Internet by following the instructions provided in the Notice you receive or as is otherwise provided in such Notice.

Can I change my vote after I submit my proxy?

Yes, you may change your vote at any time prior to the vote at the annual meeting. If you are the stockholder of record, you may change your vote by granting a new proxy bearing a later date (which automatically revokes the earlier proxy), by providing a written notice of revocation to First Solar’s Corporate Secretary at 350 West Washington Street, Suite 600, Tempe, Arizona 85288 prior to your shares being voted, or by attending the annual meeting and voting. Attendance at the annual meeting will not cause your previously granted proxy to be revoked unless you specifically so request. If you hold shares beneficially in street name, you may change your vote by submitting new voting instructions to your broker, bank, or other nominee in accordance with the instructions they provide for such purpose, or, if you have obtained a legal proxy from your broker, bank, or other nominee giving you the right to vote your shares, by attending the annual meeting and voting.

How many shares must be present to hold the annual meeting?

A quorum must be present at the annual meeting for any business to be conducted. For purposes of the annual meeting, a quorum is met by the presence at the annual meeting, directly or by proxy, of the holders of a majority of the total voting power of the outstanding shares of common stock entitled to vote at the annual meeting on the record date. At the close of business on the record date, there were 106,822,703 shares of our common stock outstanding and eligible to vote at the annual meeting. In accordance with Delaware law, the board of directors has authorized that the annual meeting be held via virtual meeting, and accordingly, stockholders and proxy holders virtually attending the annual meeting are deemed present in person for purposes of determining the presence of a quorum. Both “abstentions” and “broker non-votes” are counted for the purpose of determining the presence of a quorum. If a quorum is not present, the chair of the annual meeting may adjourn the meeting until a quorum is present.

What is the voting requirement to approve each of the proposals?

Pursuant to our bylaws, in uncontested elections of directors each nominee is to be elected by the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast with respect to such nominee’s election. A person shall be considered to have received a majority of the votes cast with respect to such person’s election only if the number of votes cast “FOR” such person’s election exceeds the number of votes cast “AGAINST” such person’s election.

The proposal to ratify the appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2023 requires the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the stock represented and voting on such question.

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The preference of the stockholders with respect to the approval, on an advisory basis, of the resolution approving the compensation of our named executive officers will be determined based on the choice (“FOR” or “AGAINST”) receiving the greatest number of votes. The advisory vote on executive compensation is not binding upon the board of directors. However, the board of directors and compensation committee will take into account the outcome of the advisory vote when considering future executive compensation arrangements.

The preference of the stockholders with respect to the advisory vote on the frequency of future advisory votes on the compensation of our named executive officers will be determined based on the choice (every one year, two years, or three years) receiving the greatest number of votes. The advisory vote on the frequency of future advisory votes on the compensation of our named executive officers is not binding on the board of directors. However, the board of directors and compensation committee will take into account the outcome of the advisory vote when considering the future frequency of advisory votes on the compensation of our named executive officers. Notwithstanding its recommendation and the outcome of the stockholder advisory vote, the board of directors may in the future decide to conduct advisory votes on the compensation of our named executive officers on a more or less frequent basis, subject to applicable law, and may vary its practice regarding such advisory votes based on factors including discussions with stockholders and the adoption of material changes to our compensation programs.

“Abstentions” and “broker non-votes” will not be counted as a vote cast for purposes of any of the four proposals, thus, neither “abstentions” nor “broker non-votes” will affect the outcome of any matter being voted on at the annual meeting, assuming that a quorum is obtained.

Who pays for the costs of soliciting proxies?

We will reimburse brokerage firms, banks, and other nominees for reasonable expenses incurred by them in sending proxy materials to the beneficial owners of common stock on the record date. In addition to solicitation by mail and the Internet, the Company’s directors, officers, and associates (which is our term for employees and is used throughout this proxy statement to mean employees) may solicit proxies personally, by telephone, or by electronic communication, without additional compensation.

How do I obtain more information about the Company?

A copy of our 2022 Annual Report is available on the website www.edocumentview.com/fslr. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 is also available on the Investors section of our website at www.investor.firstsolar.com. You may also obtain, free of charge, a copy of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 by writing to Investor Relations at First Solar, Inc., 350 West Washington Street, Suite 600, Tempe, Arizona 85288; Email: investor@firstsolar.com.

IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING THE AVAILABILITY OF PROXY MATERIALS FOR

THE STOCKHOLDER MEETING TO BE HELD ON MAY 9, 2023

This proxy statement and our 2022 Annual Report are available at www.edocumentview.com/fslr.


A Note About the Company Website Although we include references to our website (www.firstsolar.com) throughout this proxy statement, information that is included on our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this proxy statement. Our website address is included as an inactive textual reference only. We use our website as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under the SEC’s Regulation FD. Such disclosures will typically be included within the Investors section of our website. Accordingly, investors should monitor such portions of our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts.

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CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

We have adopted corporate governance guidelines that address the governance activities of the board of directors and include criteria for determining the independence of its members. These guidelines are in addition to the requirements of the SEC and The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (“NASDAQ”). The guidelines also include requirements for the standing committees of the board of directors, responsibilities for board members, and the annual self-evaluation of our board’s and its committees’ effectiveness. The corporate governance guidelines are available on our website at www.firstsolar.com under “Investors – Governance.” At any time that these guidelines are not available on our website, we will provide a copy upon written request made to Investor Relations at First Solar, Inc., 350 West Washington Street, Suite 600, Tempe, Arizona 85288.

Independence

The board of directors has determined that the following directors are independent as required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, SEC rules and regulations, the listing standards of NASDAQ, and our corporate governance guidelines (collectively, the “Independence Criteria”): Richard D. Chapman, Anita Marangoly George, George A. (“Chip”) Hambro, Molly E. Joseph, Craig Kennedy, Lisa A. Kro, William J. Post, Paul H. Stebbins, Michael Sweeney, and Norman L. Wright. Furthermore, the board of directors has concluded that the members of each of the audit, compensation, and nominating and governance committees are independent in accordance with the Independence Criteria and such other laws and regulations as may be applicable to those committees in accordance with their charters.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all directors and associates, including our chair, chief executive officer, chief financial officer, and other executive officers. These standards are designed to deter wrongdoing and to promote the honest and ethical conduct of all directors and associates. The code of business conduct and ethics is posted on our website at www.firstsolar.com under “Investors – Governance.” Any substantive amendment to, or waiver from, any provision of the code of business conduct and ethics with respect to any director or executive officer will be posted on our website.

Board of Directors Composition

The board of directors is currently composed of 12 directors, including ten independent directors and two non-independent directors, consisting of our chair of the board and our chief executive officer.

Board of Directors Leadership Structure

The board of directors’ current leadership structure separates the positions of chair and chief executive officer. Although the roles of chair of the board and chief executive officer are currently separated, the board of directors has not adopted a formal policy regarding its leadership structure and instead believes that the right structure should be based on the needs and circumstances of the Company, its board, and its stockholders at a given point in time, and that the board of directors should remain adaptable to shaping the leadership structure as those needs change.

The board of directors has established the position of lead independent director and adopted a Charter of the Lead Independent Director setting forth the duties and responsibilities of the position. The lead independent director’s primary duties and responsibilities include (i) presiding at executive sessions of the board of directors, (ii) calling meetings of the independent directors of the board of directors, (iii) approving agendas for meetings of the board of directors, and (iv) serving as a liaison between the Company’s stockholders and the board of directors and between the independent directors and management. Molly E. Joseph continues to serve as the Company’s first lead independent director and is a member of the board of directors’ audit committee and nominating and governance committee.

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The Board’s Role in Risk Oversight

We have a comprehensive risk management process in which management is responsible for identifying and managing the Company’s risks, and the board of directors and its committees provide oversight in connection with these efforts. Risks are identified, assessed, and managed on an ongoing basis and communicated with management during periodic meetings or otherwise, as appropriate. Existing and potential material risks are addressed during periodic senior management meetings, resulting in both board and committee discussions. In addition, risk assessment is embedded in our business decision-making, business planning, budgeting, and strategic planning.

The board of directors is responsible for overseeing management in management’s execution of its risk management responsibilities and for assessing the Company’s approach to risk management. The board of directors administers this risk oversight function either through the full board or through one of its four standing committees, each of which examines various components of the Company’s enterprise risks as part of its responsibilities. The full board reviews enterprise-wide strategic risks and certain other higher risk areas on a regular basis. An overall review of risk is inherent in the board’s consideration of our long-term strategies and in the transactions and other matters presented to the board of directors, including capital expenditures, manufacturing capacity expansions, acquisitions, budgeting, and significant financial matters. A summary of the committee risk management responsibilities are as follows:

•Audit committee: Oversees financial risks (including risks associated with accounting, financial reporting, enterprise resource planning systems, and foreign currencies), legal and compliance risks, information security risks (including cybersecurity), and other risk management functions.

•Compensation committee: Considers risks related to the attraction and retention of talent (including management succession planning) and risks related to the design of compensation programs and arrangements, including a periodic review of such compensation programs to ensure that they do not encourage excessive risk-taking.

•Nominating and governance committee: Considers risks related to corporate governance practices, including the Company’s Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (“ESG”) strategy, policies, and initiatives.

•Technology committee: Considers risks related to our products (such as product warranties and other product quality and reliability matters) and our ability to achieve the targets in our technology and product roadmaps.

Management regularly reports on risk-related matters to the board of directors or the relevant committee thereof. Management presentations containing information regarding risks and risk management initiatives are given throughout the year in connection with quarterly and special board and committee meetings as well as other communications as needed or as requested by the board of directors or its committees. In addition, our internal audit team reports to the audit committee on a quarterly basis and has open access to the chair of the audit committee.

Policy Regarding Hedging of Company Securities

Our insider trading policy prohibits all directors and associates, including all executive officers, from engaging in any short sales with respect to Company securities; buying or selling puts, calls, or derivatives on Company securities; and purchasing Company securities on margin.

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Share Ownership Requirements

We remain committed to monitoring compliance with our share ownership guidelines pursuant to which our executive officers and directors are required to achieve shareholdings equal to three times his or her annual base salary or five times his or her annual retainer, as applicable, with the exception of our chief executive officer who is required to achieve shareholdings equal to six times his or her annual base salary. Under these guidelines, executives and directors have five years from their date of hire or promotion, or appointment to the board of directors, as applicable, to obtain the required ownership levels.

Committee Composition

We have four standing committees of the board of directors: the audit committee, the compensation committee, the nominating and governance committee, and the technology committee. The committee membership and meetings during 2022 along with the function of each of the committees are described below.

During 2022, the board of directors held seven meetings, and every director attended more than 75% of the total number of meetings of the board of directors and the committees on which he or she served, for an average of 94% attendance.

The following is a list of all directors and the committees on which the directors served as of March 20, 2023:

Board of Directors Member

Audit Committee

Compensation Committee

Nominating and Governance Committee

Technology Committee

Michael J. Ahearn

—

Member

Richard D. Chapman

Member

—

Anita Marangoly George

—

Member

George A. (“Chip”) Hambro

—

Chair

Molly E. Joseph

Member

—

Member

—

Craig Kennedy

Member

—

Lisa A. Kro

Chair

—

William J. Post

—

Member

Paul H. Stebbins

Member

Chair

—

Michael Sweeney

—

Chair

Member

—

Mark R. Widmar

—

Norman L. Wright

Member

Audit Committee

The audit committee oversees our financial reporting process on behalf of the board of directors and reports to the board of directors the results of these activities, including monitoring the effectiveness of the systems of internal controls established by management, the Company’s audit and compliance process, and the Company’s financial report filings. The audit committee, among other duties:

•engages the independent registered public accounting firm;

•pre-approves all audit and non-audit services provided by the independent registered public accounting firm;

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•reviews with the independent registered public accounting firm the plans and results of the audit engagement;

•considers whether any non-audit services provided by the independent registered public accounting firm conflict with the independence of such independent registered public accounting firm;

•participates in the selection of the lead engagement partner of the independent registered public accounting firm in conjunction with the mandatory rotation of the lead engagement partner;

•reviews the independence of the independent registered public accounting firm;

•oversees the internal audit function, including the processes and procedures relating to risk assessment and risk management of financial, disclosure, and reporting related matters;

•regularly reviews and discusses with management any major financial risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures, including management’s risk assessment and programs associated with internal control systems; and

•regularly reviews and discusses with management information security risks (including cybersecurity) and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures, including (i) program prevention and remediation details, (ii) roadmaps of planned activities and improvements, (iii) internal training and awareness activities, and (iv) cyber incident response plans.

Each member of the audit committee is independent and meets the standards for financial knowledge for companies listed on NASDAQ. In addition, the board of directors has determined that Ms. Kro is qualified as an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of Commission regulations.

During 2022, the audit committee held eight meetings. The audit committee operates pursuant to a written charter, which is available on our website at www.firstsolar.com under “Investors – Governance.”

Compensation Committee

The compensation committee reviews and recommends compensation and benefit plans for our officers and directors, reviews the base salary and incentive compensation for each executive officer, reviews and approves corporate goals and objectives relevant to compensation for each executive officer, including our chief executive officer, administers our incentive compensation program for key executive and management associates, and reviews at least annually the benefits strategy for all associates. During 2022, the compensation committee held eight meetings.

During 2022, the compensation committee engaged Willis Towers Watson (“WTW”), an independent compensation consulting firm, to advise the compensation committee on matters pertaining to the design, governance, and oversight of executive compensation.

The compensation committee reviews information provided by WTW and analyzes overall Company compensation to ensure that subjective factors such as responsibilities, positions, individual performance, and other similar conditions are recognized, and it also considers information and recommendations from management regarding past, present, and future compensation of our executive officers under various payment scenarios. For further discussion of the nature and scope of the independent compensation consultant’s assignment, see “Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Compensation Committee Practices – Selection of Peer Companies.”

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Pursuant to its charter, the compensation committee has implemented a number of safeguards to ensure that WTW provides the compensation committee with independent and objective advice, including through the compensation committee directly retaining WTW, having the sole authority to terminate WTW, and determining the terms and conditions of WTW’s engagement, including the fees charged. On an annual basis, the compensation committee also considers the independence of its advisors, including WTW, on the basis of the following five independence factors under the listing standards of NASDAQ and in accordance with Rule 10C-1(b)(4) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and solicits information on these factors in annual certifications from its advisors including these for WTW in 2022:

•whether the advisor provides other services to the Company. In addition to executive compensation services provided by WTW compensation committee consultants, in 2022 other WTW consulting practices within its Health, Wealth & Career segment provided other services to the Company on matters pertaining to non-executive job leveling and associate compensation;

•the amount of fees received from the Company as a percentage of the advisor’s total revenue. The total fees we paid to WTW in 2022 ($334,086) represented 0.004% of WTW’s revenue for its 2022 fiscal year ($8.9 billion);

•the policies and procedures of the advisor that are designed to prevent a conflict of interest. WTW has represented to the compensation committee that it has policies and protocols that are intended to ensure that its advice is fully objective and independent. For example, WTW compensation committee consultants do not participate in any of the other consulting services provided to the Company by WTW; and they are not compensated for other services provided to us;

•whether a business or personal relationship exists between the advisor and any member of the compensation committee or executive officer of the Company. No such relationships exist (aside from professional services that WTW may provide to other companies on whose boards our compensation committee members may serve; and/or, in the case of executive officers, aside from the business relationship between WTW and the Company); and

•whether the advisor owns any Company stock. WTW has represented to the compensation committee that no WTW compensation committee consultants directly own any stock of First Solar.

Based on its review of these factors, the compensation committee concluded that the work of WTW did not raise any conflicts of interest.

The compensation committee operates pursuant to a written charter, which is available on our website at www.firstsolar.com under “Investors – Governance.”

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

During our last completed fiscal year, Richard D. Chapman, William J. Post, Paul H. Stebbins, Michael Sweeney, and Norman L. Wright served as members of our compensation committee. None of the members of our compensation committee was an executive officer or associate of the Company during our last completed fiscal year. During such period, none of our executive officers served as a member of the compensation committee or board of directors of any entity where one or more of such other entity’s executive officers serves on our compensation committee or our board of directors.

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Nominating and Governance Committee

The nominating and governance committee reviews the composition, structure, and performance of the board of directors and its committees and leads the process to assess their performance, assesses candidates for appointment to the board, and recommends to the board whether such candidates should stand for election at the next meeting of stockholders. The nominating and governance committee also periodically reviews the Company’s ESG strategy, policies, and initiatives (other than initiatives delegated to other committees), and receives updates from management (at a minimum, biannually) about significant ESG activities, including, among others: (i) energy, emissions, and resource efficiency; (ii) inclusion, diversity, and belonging; (iii) product innovation and reliability; (iv) responsible sourcing and human rights; (v) public policy; and (vi) circular economy. During 2022, the nominating and governance committee held five meetings.

The nominating and governance committee operates pursuant to a written charter, which is available on our website at www.firstsolar.com under “Investors – Governance.”

Director nominees are recommended by the nominating and governance committee for selection by the board of directors. In considering new nominees for the board of directors, the nominating and governance committee considers qualified and diverse individuals who, if added to the board of directors, would provide an appropriate mix of director characteristics, experience, perspectives, and skills. In accordance with the corporate governance guidelines adopted by the board of directors and the nominating and governance committee charter, criteria for selection of candidates, whether nominated by the committee or by a stockholder, include, but are not limited to: (i) roles and contributions valuable to the business community; (ii) personal qualities of leadership, character, judgment, and whether the candidate possesses and maintains a reputation in the community at large of integrity, trust, respect, competence, and adherence to the highest ethical standards; (iii) relevant knowledge and diversity of perspective and experience in such areas as business, technology, finance and accounting, marketing, government, and other disciplines relevant to our business; (iv) diversity of background, including diversity of gender, race, and ethnicity; and (v) whether the candidate is free of conflicts and has the time required for preparation, participation, and attendance at all meetings. Consistent with the foregoing, the board and nominating and governance committee are committed to actively seeking qualified women and minority candidates as part of the search process for new board members, and shall include at least one racially or ethnically diverse candidate in each search process for new members of the board of directors.

As indicated by these criteria, the nominating and governance committee does not follow any ratio or formula to determine the composition of the board of directors. Rather, the committee uses its judgment to identify qualified and diverse nominees whose backgrounds, attributes, and experiences, taken as a whole, will contribute to the high standards of board service at the Company. The effectiveness of this approach is evidenced by the directors’ participation in the insightful and robust deliberation that occurs at board and committee meetings and in shaping the agendas for those meetings. The board of directors and the nominating and governance committee will continue to monitor the effectiveness of their approach through assessing the results of any new director search efforts and through the board’s and the nominating and governance committee’s self-evaluation processes in which directors discuss and evaluate the composition and functioning of the board of directors and its committees.

The nominating and governance committee considers candidates for board membership recommended by the nominating and governance committee members and other board members, our stockholders, and any other appropriate sources, including a search firm in instances where at least one qualified racially or ethnically diverse candidate has not been identified among our directors’ or executive leadership team’s personal networks. If a stockholder submits a nominee recommendation, the nominating and governance committee will evaluate the qualifications of such stockholder nominee using the same selection criteria the committee uses to evaluate other potential nominees.

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Our bylaws require that a stockholder who wishes to nominate an individual for election as a director at our annual meeting must give us advance written notice. The notice must be delivered to or mailed and received by our Corporate Secretary not later than 90 days or earlier than 120 days prior to the anniversary date of the preceding year’s annual meeting. If the annual meeting for which the recommendation is submitted is more than 30 days earlier or more than 60 days later than such anniversary date, such recommendation must be received by our Corporate Secretary not earlier than 120 days prior to the annual meeting and not later than the later of 90 days prior to such annual meeting or the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the annual meeting date is first made by the Company.

Technology Committee

The technology committee oversees our product and technology-related strategies, processes, and programs. During 2022, the technology committee held four meetings.

The technology committee operates pursuant to a written charter, which is available on our website at www.firstsolar.com under “Investors – Governance.”

Stockholder Communications with Directors

A stockholder who wishes to communicate directly with the board of directors, a committee of the board, or an individual director regarding matters related to First Solar should send the communication to First Solar’s Corporate Secretary at 350 West Washington Street, Suite 600, Tempe, Arizona 85288.

We will forward stockholder correspondence about First Solar to the board of directors, committee, or individual director, as appropriate. Please note that we will not forward communications that are spam, junk mail and mass mailings, resumes and other forms of job inquiries, surveys, and business solicitations or advertisements.

Attendance at Stockholder Meetings

We do not have a policy on directors attending our annual meetings. Last year’s annual meeting was held on May 26, 2022 and was attended by one director.

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Sustainability Reporting

The Company discloses substantial information about a number of topics relating to sustainability that may be of interest to our stockholders. For information about our efforts regarding our environmental footprint analysis; greenhouse gas emissions intensity reduction; waste management and high-value recycling; and our commitments to diversity, labor and human rights, responsible sourcing, and operating a supply chain free of conflict minerals; please read our 2022 Sustainability Report, which is available on our website at www.firstsolar.com/responsiblesolar. The information contained in or connected to our website is not incorporated by reference into this proxy statement.

Our Series 6TM (“Series 6”) and Series 6 PlusTM modules are the world’s first and only photovoltaic (“PV”) products to be included in the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (“EPEAT”) Registry’s Photovoltaic and Inverters product category. The EPEAT Registry enables the identification of credible sustainable electronic products from a broad range of manufacturers based on several factors, including management of substances in the product, manufacturing energy, water use, product packaging, end-of-life recycling, corporate responsibility, and human rights. On a lifecycle basis, our thin film module technology has the fastest energy payback time, smallest carbon footprint, and lowest water use of any competing PV solar technology. We have also committed to the RE100 campaign, a collaborative, global initiative of influential businesses committed to 100% renewable electricity, in which we plan to utilize renewable sources to power our global manufacturing operations by 2028.

First Solar has a long-standing leadership position in PV recycling, with over 15 years of experience in operating high-value PV recycling facilities on a global and industrial scale. We are the only PV solar module manufacturer with global in-house PV recycling capabilities. While most PV recycling processes focus only on recovering high-mass fraction materials such as glass and frames (i.e., bulk recycling), our industry-leading PV solar module recycling process further enhances our sustainability advantage by also recovering the semiconductor material for reuse. Our recycling process contributes to a circular economy by recovering approximately 90% of the glass for reuse in new glass products and over 90% of the semiconductor material for reuse in new modules. Our modules currently contain up to 10.5% recycled semiconductor content.

In addition to environmental stewardship, First Solar is committed to protecting human rights, enforcing fair labor practices, and addressing the potential risks of forced labor, child labor, human trafficking, and slavery across our own operations and the operations of our suppliers. We own and operate the facilities which manufacture our modules, from sheet of glass to completed module, under one roof. Our manufacturing processes follow a single set of global specifications for components, resulting in a tightly controlled supply chain and quality product. Furthermore, we do not source any module components from Xinjiang, China, which mitigates supply chain disruptions and human rights risks. Our labor and human rights policy establishes minimum requirements for all First Solar associates and we require our suppliers to commit to comply with the Responsible Business Alliance code of conduct (“RBA code”). Under the terms of First Solar’s supplier agreements, suppliers must also represent, warrant, and covenant that they will not use child, slave, prisoner, or any other form of forced or involuntary labor, or engage in abusive employment in the supply of goods or provision of services. We audit both new and high-risk suppliers for quality as well as environmental, health and safety, ethics, labor, and human rights performance, using the RBA code as a framework. Further, before we use materials and components from a direct supplier in our manufacturing process, a supplier must undergo a rigorous qualification process.

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Board Expertise and Diversity

The board of directors seeks members who have distinguished records of leadership and success in their area of activity and diversity of background, including diversity of gender, race, and ethnicity. The board of directors believes that maintaining a diverse membership enhances the board of directors’ discussions and enables the board of directors to better represent all of the Company’s constituents, including employees, customers, suppliers, and investors. The Company’s corporate governance guidelines and the nominating and governance committee charter both reflect this commitment to diversity and inclusion, with each calling for consideration of a director candidate’s background, including their gender, race, and ethnicity, as well as a commitment to include one or more racially or ethnically diverse candidate in each search process for new members of the board of directors.

Our board of directors and the nominating and governance committee view diversity in a broad sense. Our board of directors and the nominating and governance committee take into consideration not only gender, race, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, and national origin, but also the mix of qualifications of directors and candidates, including tenure, experiences, background, and talents. Accordingly, the board of directors is committed to actively seeking out highly qualified women and individuals from minority groups, as well as candidates with diverse or non-traditional backgrounds, skills, and experiences as part of the director search process. Diverse perspectives on the board enhances the Company’s ability to respond to the needs of our industry, our customers, our workforce, and our communities. In recent years, the board of directors and nominating and governance committee have demonstrated this commitment to diversity, with five of the six most recently nominated new director candidates being diverse with respect to gender, race, or ethnicity.

As illustrated by their biographies, each of our directors was chosen because his or her background provides each director with the experience and skill set necessary to enable the Company to succeed. A diverse board sets the tone from the top, which enables the Company to drive diversity and inclusion throughout our organization and to better engage with and understand key stakeholders.

The board of directors and nominating and governance committee believe that the board of directors is comprised of a diverse group of individuals with respect to thought, talent, and background. The board of directors and nominating and governance committee continue to consider the diversity of experience and perspective, including racial, ethnic, gender, and sexual orientation diversity, that future director candidates may bring to the board.

The following matrices provide enhanced disclosure regarding the skills and diversity of the members of our board, including certain types of skills, experiences, and attributes which our board believes are relevant to our business and industry. The matrices do not encompass all of the skills, experiences, or attributes of our directors, and the fact that a particular skill, experience, or attribute is not listed does not mean that a director does not possess it. In addition, the absence of a particular skill, experience, or attribute with respect to any of our directors does not mean the director in question is unable to contribute to the decision-making process in that area. The type and degree of skill and experience listed below may vary among the members of the board.

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Board Skills Matrix

(as of March 20, 2023)

Total Number of Directors

Ahearn

Chapman

George

Hambro

Joseph

Kennedy

Kro

Post

Stebbins

Sweeney

Widmar

Wright

Knowledge, Skills, and Experience

Total

Public Company Board Experience

•

Executive Experience

•

Financial Expertise

•

Risk Management

•

Accounting

•

Legal / Regulatory

•

Corporate Governance / Ethics

•

Environmental / Social Responsibility

•

Human Resources / Compensation

•

Operations / Strategic Planning

•

Technology

•

Manufacturing / Utilities / Renewable Energy

•

Public Policy / Academia

•

Mergers and Acquisitions

•

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Board Diversity Matrix

(as of March 20, 2023)

Total Number of Directors

Ahearn

Chapman

George

Hambro

Joseph

Kennedy

Kro

Post

Stebbins

Sweeney

Widmar

Wright

Part I: Gender Identity

Female

•

Male

•

Part II: Demographic Background

African American or Black

•

Alaskan Native or Native American

Asian

•

Hispanic or Latinx

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

White

•

Two or More Races or Ethnicities

LGBTQ+

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DIRECTORS

Members of the board of directors are elected at each annual meeting of stockholders and serve until the next annual meeting or until their respective successors have been elected and qualified. The following information provided with respect to the principal occupation, affiliations, and business experience for each of the candidates for election to the board of directors has been furnished to us by such candidates.

The name of and certain information regarding each director is set forth below as of March 20, 2023. Each of the persons is a candidate for election to the board of directors at the annual meeting. In concluding that each of the following persons should continue to serve as a director, the board of directors considered such person’s qualifications as described below and determined that each individual would provide the contributions to the board of directors as specified. There are no family relationships among directors or executive officers of the Company.


Name	Age	Current Position with First Solar	Director Since
Michael J. Ahearn	66	Chair of the Board	2000
Richard D. Chapman	69	Director	2012
Anita Marangoly George	62	Director	2021
George A. (“Chip”) Hambro	59	Director	2012
Molly E. Joseph	49	Lead Independent Director	2017
Craig Kennedy	71	Director	2007
Lisa A. Kro	57	Director	2022
William J. Post	72	Director	2010
Paul H. Stebbins	66	Director	2006
Michael Sweeney	65	Director	2003
Mark R. Widmar	57	Chief Executive Officer and Director	2016
Norman L. Wright	58	Director	2022

Michael J. Ahearn, Chair of the Board, Technology Committee. Mr. Ahearn previously served as the Company’s chief executive officer from August 2000 to September 2009; interim chief executive officer from October 2011 to May 2012; executive chair from October 2009 to December 2010 and May 2012 to July 2012; and non-executive chair from January 2011 to October 2011 and July 2012 to present. Mr. Ahearn is currently Chair and Managing Partner of True North Venture Partners, L.P., a venture capital firm he launched in 2011 to invest primarily in early stage companies in the energy, water, agriculture, and waste sectors. Prior to First Solar, he was partner and president of an equity investment firm, JWMA (formerly True North Partners, LLC). Prior to joining JWMA, Mr. Ahearn practiced law as a partner in the firm of Gallagher & Kennedy. Mr. Ahearn currently serves as a member of the board of directors of Cox Enterprises, Inc.; and a member of the Global Advisory Board of Beijing Climate Policy Initiative. Mr. Ahearn holds a B.A. in Finance and a J.D. from Arizona State University. During his tenure as chief executive officer of First Solar, Mr. Ahearn led the development and expansion of First Solar from a small, privately held company to a successful multinational, industry-leading public company.

Relevant Skills and Experience

Mr. Ahearn’s experience and insight are critical resources to the board of directors. His service as a former CEO of First Solar, including leading the transition of the Company from a start-up to one of the industry’s major solar technology companies and global providers of PV solar energy solutions, provides him with essential institutional knowledge and vital insight into our organization, history, and industry. He possesses a deep financial knowledge and maintains expertise in strategic planning, capital formation and value creation.

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Richard D. Chapman, Audit Committee, Compensation Committee. Mr. Chapman serves as Senior Advisor and as a member of the Board of Managers of River Bend Holdings, LLC. He is an advisor to Walton Enterprises, LLC, where he worked since 1983 and most recently served as Chief Financial Officer. In this capacity, Mr. Chapman oversaw all aspects of the Walton Family Office in Arkansas. Mr. Chapman currently serves on the boards of directors of the Arvest Bank Group, the holding company for a diversified financial services company; the Razorback Foundation; and the American Friends of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, where he serves as the chair of the Nominating and Governance Committee. Mr. Chapman also serves as special advisor to BDT Capital Partners. Mr. Chapman was previously a member of the Board of Managers of First Solar Holdings, LLC prior to the Company going public and JWMA. Prior to joining Walton Enterprises, Mr. Chapman worked from 1976 to 1983 in London, England and Little Rock, Arkansas, for the accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. A certified public accountant (inactive), Mr. Chapman holds a B.S.B.A. in Accounting from the University of Arkansas.

Relevant Skills and Experience

Mr. Chapman’s background in accounting and finance and his many years of CFO experience are valuable resources to the board of directors and the Company. His long tenure and experiences as a corporate officer at several organizations provides him with strong skills in strategic finance, investor relations, and growth strategy. Through his service on various types of boards and committees, Mr. Chapman is well-versed in corporate governance matters, providing critical insights to the board of directors and the Company’s management.

Anita Marangoly George, Technology Committee. Ms. George was appointed to the board of directors in July 2021 upon the recommendation of the Chair of the Board. Ms. George is a co-founder of a sustainability-focused fund, Edhina Capital. Ms. George has held various positions at la Caisse de Dépôt et Placement du Québec (“CDPQ”), a global investment group managing funds for public retirement and insurance plans. Ms. George served CDPQ from 2016 to 2017 as Managing Director South Asia, and from 2017 to 2020 as Executive Vice President and Head of Emerging Markets and Strategic Partnerships, and from 2020 until June 2021 as Executive Vice President, Deputy Head of CDPQ Global. Prior to joining CDPQ, Ms. George worked at the World Bank from June 2014 until 2016 as Senior Director, Global Practice Energy and Extractives, and from 2000 to 2014 at the International Finance Corporation, as Global Director Infrastructure and Regional Director Asia Pacific, Infrastructure and Natural Resources. Ms. George is known for her expertise in infrastructure finance, especially renewable energy finance. Ms. George currently represents CDPQ on Edelweiss Credit Finance Limited, a financial services company based in Mumbai, India. Ms. George has been appointed as an Independent Non-Executive Director on the Board of Piramal Enterprises Limited (PEL), one of India’s leading conglomerates active in financial services and pharmaceuticals. In July 2022, Ms. George was appointed as an Independent Non-Executive Director on the Board of Tata Sons, the holding company of the Tata Group. Ms. George also serves on the boards of Pearson College, British Columbia, Canada, one of the United World Colleges; the Indo-Canadian Business Chamber, a not-for-profit promoting trade and investment relations between India and Canada; and TalentNomics India, a not-for-profit focused on empowerment of women. Formerly, she served on the World Economic Forum Global Future Council on Infrastructure for two terms, and currently serves on the following nonprofit advisory boards and councils: The Resilience Recovery Fund of the Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), Women in Private Equity (an industry association for women in private equity), the Advisory Council of the Chandrakanta Kesavan Center for Energy Transition at the Indian Institute of Technology at Kanpur, the India Energy and Climate Center at the Goldman School of Public Policy, UC Berkeley (an affiliate of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), and the Financial Advisory Council of the International Solar Alliance (a multilateral institution that promotes solar world-wide). Ms. George holds a master’s degree in Economic Policy and a Master of Business Administration from Boston University, and a Bachelor of Arts from Smith College.

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Relevant Skills and Experience

Ms. George’s experience working in climate finance and infrastructure across key global markets, combined with her experience and passion for human capital development and sustainability, are valuable resources to the board of directors and the Company. Through her expertise as a financial sector executive, she brings a command of credit, banking, wealth management, and equity investments. She has also served in a number of international organizations, providing vital insight relevant for First Solar’s expanding international operations, including as we extend our global presence by constructing the Company’s first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023.

George A. (“Chip”) Hambro, Technology Committee (Chair). Mr. Hambro previously held various positions at First Solar from June 2001 through June 2009, including serving as Chief Operating Officer from February 2005 through May 2007. Prior to joining First Solar, he held the positions of Vice President of Engineering & Business Development for Goodrich Aerospace from May 1999 to June 2001 and Vice President of Operations for ITT Industries from February 1997 to May 1999. In previous years, Mr. Hambro has been a director of both the Toledo Zoo and Imagination Station, Toledo’s Science Center. Mr. Hambro currently serves on the board of directors of General Fusion, a private fusion energy company based in Vancouver, Canada. Mr. Hambro graduated from the University of California at Berkeley with a B.A. in Physical Science (Applied Physics).

Relevant Skills and Experience

Mr. Hambro provides the board of directors with substantial experience in research and development, engineering, manufacturing, and general business matters, obtained through his work at First Solar and other technology companies throughout his career. His service as COO of First Solar was crucial in our technology development and scaling during our IPO transition, and his guidance and experience overseeing many of the Company’s previous technological advancements are vital attributes as the Company seeks to continue to improve its module conversion efficiencies and otherwise keep pace with technological advances in the solar industry. He possesses a deep knowledge of business operations in technology companies and an essential understanding of challenges and opportunities within our industry.

Molly E. Joseph, Lead Independent Director, Audit Committee, Nominating and Governance Committee. Ms. Joseph is the Managing Partner of a healthcare investment fund focused on health system modernization, integration, and affordability. From 2010 to 2020, Ms. Joseph served as President and then Chief Executive Officer of UnitedHealthcare Global, and from March 2009 to 2021, Ms. Joseph served as Senior Vice President and then Executive Vice President, Global, UnitedHealth Group. In these roles she grew the business from a start-up to a leading global health benefits and medical delivery organization that serves 9 million patients and 7 million insurance members. She served on UnitedHealthcare’s Executive Council and UnitedHealth Group’s Executive Leadership Team. Prior to her global role with UnitedHealth Group, she led acquisitions and other strategic transactions across UnitedHealth Group. Prior to joining UnitedHealth Group, she was an investment banker and began her career as a corporate attorney. Ms. Joseph is a member of the board of directors of West Pharmaceutical Services, where she serves on the compensation committee, finance committee and the innovation and technology committee. Ms. Joseph also serves on the board of trustees of Santa Clara University and the board of directors of U.S. Radiology Specialists. Ms. Joseph graduated from Santa Clara University with a Bachelor of Science degree, and received a J.D. from Georgetown Law Center.

Relevant Skills and Experience

Ms. Joseph’s background in international business along with her experience in investment banking and other strategic transactions are valuable resources to the board of directors and the Company. She possesses significant expertise and knowledge of international businesses, having previously served as CEO of a multinational healthcare company. Her leadership roles enable her to understand diverse business environments and economic conditions, as well as organizations, processes, significant transactions, strategic planning, and risk management.

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Craig Kennedy, Audit Committee. From 1995 to 2014, Mr. Kennedy was president of the German Marshall Fund, an independent American organization created in 1972 as a permanent memorial to the Marshall Plan. The German Marshall Fund sponsors a wide range of programs related to foreign, economic, immigration, and environmental policy, and it operates a number of political exchanges between the United States and Europe with a special emphasis on Germany. Mr. Kennedy began his career in 1980 as a program officer at the Joyce Foundation in Chicago. Mr. Kennedy was president of the Joyce Foundation between 1986 and 1992, where he built the Foundation’s environmental program and launched a new program on U.S. immigration policy. Mr. Kennedy left the Joyce Foundation to work for Richard J. Dennis, a Chicago investor and philanthropist. During this same period, Mr. Kennedy created a consulting firm working with nonprofit and public sector clients. Mr. Kennedy was audit committee chair of the Invesco Van Kampen Open-End and Closed-End-Funds from 1999 to 2014. Mr. Kennedy holds a B.A., an M.A., and an MBA from the University of Chicago.

Relevant Skills and Experience

Mr. Kennedy’s deep public policy experience and global perspective are valuable resources to the board of directors and the Company, as our business is impacted by public policy issues on a global scale. His experience working with both nonprofit and public sector clients in a consulting capacity provides him with valuable human resource and marketing skills. He has an extensive knowledge of American and European trade policy. He also possesses experience with handling complex regulatory matters, which is vital given the intricate policies that affect our industry.

Lisa A. Kro, Audit Committee (Chair). Ms. Kro has served as the Chief Financial & Administrative Officer of Ryan Companies since 2019, overseeing their accounting, finance, human resources, legal, and information technology departments. From 2011 to 2018, Ms. Kro was a founding partner of Mill City Capital, L.P., a private equity firm, where she was Chief Financial Officer and Managing Director. From September 2004 to March 2011, Ms. Kro was the Chief Financial Officer and a Managing Director of Goldner Hawn Johnson & Morrison, a private equity firm. She began her career in public accounting with a 17-year tenure at KPMG, including spending a year at KPMG’s Munich office and serving as the Practice Leader for the Retail, Food & Manufacturing practice in the Midwest. Ms. Kro is a director of MillerKnoll, Inc. (d/b/a Herman Miller, Inc.), a publicly traded company. She has previously served on the board of eight private companies, one public company, and five not-for-profit organizations. Ms. Kro is a member of the National Association of Corporate Directors and the Minnesota chapter of Women Corporate Directors. Ms. Kro has a Bachelor of Science degree from Minnesota State University Moorhead and is a Certified Public Accountant (inactive).

Relevant Skills and Experience

Ms. Kro’s accounting background, as well as her work in finance, capital markets, and public company audit committee experience provides valuable oversight to the Company's financial accounting controls and reporting and strategic planning and risk management. Her tenure on the boards of both public and non-public companies, along with her executive-level roles, enables Ms. Kro to offer insight into corporate governance practices and leadership.

William J. Post, Compensation Committee, Nominating and Governance Committee, Technology Committee. Mr. Post retired as chair and chief executive officer of Pinnacle West Capital Corporation (“Pinnacle West”) in April 2009. He joined Arizona Public Service (the largest subsidiary of Pinnacle West) in 1973 and held several officer positions at Arizona Public Service and Pinnacle West. Mr. Post joined the boards of Arizona Public Service in 1995 and Pinnacle West in 1997. Mr. Post became chair of both boards in 2001 and retired in April 2010. He is currently chair of the board of the Translational Genomics Research Institute and serves on the boards of directors of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Arizona and the City of Hope. Mr. Post has served as chair of Swift Transportation, SunCor Development Company, Stagg Information Systems, Nuclear Assurance Corporation, Nuclear Electric Insurance Limited, the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations, and El Dorado Investment Company. He also served as a director of Phelps Dodge Corporation and U.S. Airways. In addition to his corporate work, he has been very active in the community serving as chair of the boards of the Business Coalition, Greater Phoenix Leadership, Greater Phoenix Economic Council, Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce, and the United Way Campaign. He is currently chair of the Arizona State University Enterprise Partners Foundation. Mr. Post has a Bachelor of Science

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degree from Arizona State University. Mr. Post has received numerous awards and honors including the National Americanism Award from the Anti-Defamation League, the Arizona State Heritage Award, and an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from Northern Arizona University.

Relevant Skills and Experience

Mr. Post brings to the board of directors executive-level utility-sector experience, including a deep understanding of the utility sector within the southwestern United States, a key market for the Company. He possesses considerable technical experience and expert knowledge on how to grow utility markets, provides critical insight into the viewpoints of the customers we seek to serve, and has deep ties within communities in which we have a presence. His tenure on public company boards, together with his CEO-level experience, allows Mr. Post to provide an in-depth corporate leadership perspective.

Paul H. Stebbins, Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, Nominating and Governance Committee (Chair). Mr. Stebbins has served as chair emeritus and as a non-employee director of World Fuel Services Corporation (“World Fuel”) since May 2014. Previously, Mr. Stebbins served as the chair and chief executive officer of World Fuel from July 2002 to January 2012 and as executive chair from January 2012 to May 2014. He has served as a director of World Fuel since June 1995. Between July 2000 and 2002, Mr. Stebbins also served as president and chief operating officer of World Fuel. In 1985, Mr. Stebbins co-founded Trans-Tec Services, a global marine fuel service company acquired by World Fuel in 1995. Mr. Stebbins is a founding member of the FixUS initiative on civic reform hosted by the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. He is a member of the board of trustees of Amigos de las Americas, a youth leadership development program based in Houston, Texas, a member of the advisory board of The Silk Road Project, Inc., a musical ensemble and cultural innovation organization founded by renowned cellist Yo-Yo Ma, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Relevant Skills and Experience

Mr. Stebbins brings to the board of directors significant CEO-level experience in managing a large global energy-related publicly traded company. His experience as an energy executive and wealth of knowledge regarding the energy industry provides him with the insight to successfully drive strategic, solution-oriented innovation and growth. He has significant, recent public policy expertise, which is beneficial given our Company’s industry, and his insights into recent corporate governance and risk management developments provide critical perspective to the board of directors and the Company’s management.

Michael T. Sweeney, Compensation Committee (Chair), Nominating and Governance Committee. Mr. Sweeney served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Steinway Musical Instruments, Inc. from October 2011 until August 2016, director since April 2011, and chair of the board from July 2011 through September 2013. Mr. Sweeney served as chair of the board of Star Tribune Media Holdings, the holding company for the Minneapolis Star Tribune, from September 2009 to September 2014, and as a director of Carlson Companies, Inc. Mr. Sweeney served as managing partner in Goldner Hawn Johnson & Morrison, Inc., a private equity firm, from 2001 through 2008. He had previously served as president of Starbucks Coffee Company (UK) Ltd. in London and held various operating management and corporate finance roles.

Relevant Skills and Experience

Mr. Sweeney’s background in investment banking and private equity, as well as his operational business acumen, are valuable resources to the board of directors and the Company, particularly with respect to consideration of compensation, financial matters, and strategic investments. His direct responsibility for business operations in a number of industries, including his service as a CEO, bring experience that is valuable to the board of directors, especially when it comes to corporate strategy and business development.

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Mark R. Widmar was appointed Chief Executive Officer in July 2016. He joined First Solar in April 2011 as Chief Financial Officer and also served as First Solar’s Chief Accounting Officer from February 2012 through June 2015. From March 2015 to June 2016, Mr. Widmar served as the Chief Financial Officer and through June 2018, served as a director on the board of the general partner of 8point3 Energy Partners LP, the joint yieldco formed by First Solar and SunPower Corporation in 2015 to own and operate a portfolio of selected solar generation assets. Prior to joining First Solar, Mr. Widmar served as Chief Financial Officer of GrafTech International Ltd., a leading global manufacturer of advanced carbon and graphite materials, from May 2006 through March 2011. Prior to joining GrafTech, Mr. Widmar served as Corporate Controller of NCR Inc. from 2005 to 2006, and was a Business Unit Chief Financial Officer for NCR from November 2002 to his appointment as Controller. He also served as a Division Controller at Dell, Inc. from August 2000 to November 2002. Mr. Widmar also held various financial and managerial positions with Lucent Technologies Inc., Allied Signal, Inc., and Bristol Myers/Squibb, Inc. He began his career in 1987 as an accountant with Ernst & Young. Mr. Widmar holds a Bachelor of Science in business accounting and a Master of Business Administration from Indiana University.

Relevant Skills and Experience

Mr. Widmar has significant public company experience, having served in a number of senior level executive positions. He has extensive knowledge of the solar energy sector, which is essential to his position as CEO of the Company and enables him to steer First Solar towards long-term strategic growth. He has demonstrated proven leadership and expertise throughout his tenure at First Solar, exhibiting a balanced approach and delivering superior results and value creation.

Norman L. Wright, Compensation Committee, Nominating and Governance Committee. Mr. Wright is Executive Vice President, Health Equity Strategy of UnitedHealth Group. He previously served as Senior Vice President and the Chief of Operations at Optum, a subsidiary of UnitedHealth Group. From 2007 to 2013, Mr. Wright was Managing Director, Client Experience for Citigroup Inc.’s Consumer Operations in North America and led the Retail Bank Call Centers. Prior to this, Mr. Wright served as an executive at a number of companies. He was Executive Partner, Customer Contact Transformation at Accenture plc. from 2004 to 2007, Senior Vice President, HSN Customer Care at HSN from 1999 to 2004, Senior Vice President and General Manager at Fidelity Investments Inc. from 1996 to 1999, Vice President, Customer Service at G.E. Capital from 1994 to 1996, and Vice President, Customer Service at JPMorganChase & Co. from 1986 to 1994. He is currently a director of UnitedHealth Foundation and YMCA of the North, both non-profits. He has previously served as a director of The Brighton Center, Inc., the Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center, 1st Tee of San Antonio, and the University of Texas at San Antonio. Mr. Wright has a Bachelor of Arts from Swarthmore College.

Relevant Skills and Experience

Mr. Wright has more than 35 years of experience as an executive in sales and customer service, contact centers, operations, marketing, consumer digital, and business consulting supporting a number of industries. He brings valuable leadership skills and business acumen to the board of directors. His skills and experience leading large scale equity and community engagement strategies and his training in domestic and international arenas to conceptualize and implement strategic plans, drive consumer focused outcomes, and maximize value for organizations are valuable to the Company’s strategic planning efforts.

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Summary

Our board of directors comprises members who have held numerous public and private company directorships, as well as chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief operating officer, and other senior executive positions. Through this, they have gained expertise in strategic planning, business development, risk management, and corporate governance. Several of our directors have maintained positions in the energy, utilities, or solar industry, and, as a result, are highly knowledgeable about the various complexities of our industry. Additionally, we have a number of directors who possess regulatory and public policy experience, which is vital to the success of the Company. A significant portion of our directors have an extensive background in the financial sector, enabling them to offer their business acumen and insights to our Company.

In addition, the board of directors believes that it is important to maintain an appropriate balance between longer-tenured directors and newer directors who add a fresh perspective. Longer-serving directors provide historical and institutional knowledge, as well as valuable insight and critical skills in the boardroom. In particular, given the highly technical industry in which our Company operates, the complexity of our product offerings, and the international scope of our organization, longer-tenured directors are a significant strength to our board of directors. At the same time, more recently-tenured directors provide a fresh perspective on addressing complex and dynamic business settings, particularly as stakeholder expectations are evolving.

Collectively, the diverse skills of our board of directors, their lengthy business and governance experience, and a complementary mix of longer-tenured directors possessing industry and institutional history together with more recently-tenured directors who provide new viewpoints, allows for informed discussions and thoughtful decision making by the board.

The board of directors has not established term limits or a retirement age for directors because of the value in having directors who are knowledgeable about the Company, its operations, and industry. Term and age limits have the disadvantage of forcing the loss of the considerable contributions of those directors who have developed, over a period of time, a deep understanding of the Company and its operations. In lieu of term or age limits, the board of directors, as part of its annual board evaluation process, assesses each sitting director’s potential continuing contributions based upon the results of an annual self-assessment as well as through discussion at meetings of the nominating and governance committee.

Majority Vote Standard

In an uncontested election of directors, each candidate is to be elected by a majority of the votes cast with respect to such candidate’s election. With respect to any candidate in an uncontested election who is an incumbent director, such director is required to promptly tender his or her resignation to the chair of the board for consideration by the nominating and governance committee if he or she receives less than a majority of votes cast with respect to his or her election. No later than 90 days following the receipt of any such tendered resignation, (i) the board of directors shall, taking into account any recommendation by the nominating and governance committee, take formal action with respect thereto (which action may include accepting or rejecting such tendered resignation, or taking other action as considered appropriate), and (ii) the Company shall publicly disclose the board’s decision and, in the event that the board does not accept such tendered resignation, the rationale for such decision. The nominating and governance committee and the board of directors, in making any recommendation or decision, respectively, relating to such tendered resignation may consider any factors or other information they consider appropriate or relevant. As used in this proxy statement, an “uncontested election of directors” is an election in which the number of nominees is not greater than the number of board seats open for election, and a person shall be considered to have received a majority of the votes cast with respect to such person’s election only if the number of votes cast “for” such person’s election exceeds the number of votes cast “against” such person’s election, with “abstentions” and “broker non-votes” not counted as a vote cast either “for” or “against” such person’s election.

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NON-ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

We use a combination of cash and stock-based compensation to attract and retain qualified candidates to serve on the board of directors. When reviewing non-associate director compensation, we are guided by three goals, as provided in our Corporate Governance Guidelines: (i) compensation should fairly pay directors for work required for a company of our size and scope; (ii) compensation should align directors’ interests with the long-term interests of our stockholders; and (iii) the structure of the compensation should be clearly disclosed to our stockholders. The table below summarizes our 2022 non-associate director compensation:


2022 Non-Associate Director Compensation
Annual Retainer for All Non-Associate Directors			$100,000 cash and $160,000 stock
			Additional Chair Retainers
Non-Executive Board Chair			+$50,000 cash and $75,000 stock
Audit Committee Chair			+$35,000 cash
Lead Independent Director			+$30,000 cash
Compensation Committee Chair			+$25,000 cash
Other Committee Chairs			+$15,000 cash

All cash compensation is payable quarterly in four equal installments.

The annual equity compensation is granted quarterly in four equal installments in the form of fully vested stock. We issue the stock to our non-associate directors at the end of the quarter and do not time the grant date of these awards to take advantage of announcements of undisclosed material facts. We also do not take into account any internal “black outs,” during which associates and directors are prohibited by our Insider Trading Policy from trading in our securities.

Non-associate directors are also subject to a share ownership guideline of five times the cash component of the annual retainer, which currently represents a value of $500,000. Non-associate directors have five years from the date they join the board to attain the share ownership guideline value. As of December 31, 2022, all non-associate directors either met or were on track to meet the share ownership guideline.

In addition to cash and equity compensation, we reimburse all non-associate directors for reasonable and necessary expenses they incur in performing their duties as our non-associate directors. We do not provide our non-associate directors with perquisites.

From time to time, non-associate directors may be asked to serve on special committees for which they may receive additional compensation. For 2022, the components and amounts of our non-associate director compensation were substantially the same as for 2021.

In 2023, the compensation committee’s consultant, WTW, reviewed our 2022 non-associate director compensation program and found our equity compensation levels to be slightly below the peer group median market average. WTW also found the share ownership guideline value of $500,000 to be among the highest in relation to our peer group. Taking into account the recommendation of WTW, the compensation committee recommended to the board of directors to increase the non-associate director equity compensation by $20,000 for 2023.

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Non-Associate Director Compensation Table

The following table sets forth information with respect to compensation earned by our non-associate directors for the year ended December 31, 2022:


Name	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)	Stock Awards ($)(1)(2)	Total ($)
Michael J. Ahearn	150,000	235,309	385,309
Sharon L. Allen (3) (4)	67,500	80,088	147,588
Richard D. Chapman	100,000	160,310	260,310
Anita Marangoly George	100,000	160,310	260,310
George A. (“Chip”) Hambro (3)	115,000	160,310	275,310
Kathryn A. (“Katy”) Hollister (4)	50,000	80,088	130,088
Molly E. Joseph (3)	130,000	160,310	290,310
Craig Kennedy	100,000	160,310	260,310
Lisa A. Kro (3) (5)	101,250	120,282	221,532
William J. Post	100,000	160,310	260,310
Paul H. Stebbins (3)	115,000	160,310	275,310
Michael Sweeney (3)	125,000	160,310	285,310
Norman L. Wright (5)	75,000	120,282	195,282

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(1)The amounts in this column represent the aggregate grant date fair value of fully vested common stock granted during the year ended December 31, 2022. See “Compensation Discussion and Analysis – Other Executive Compensation Information – Tax and Accounting Implications” for more information.

(2)The grant date fair value of shares issued on March 31, 2022 was $58,785 for Mr. Ahearn and $40,028 for each of the other non-associate directors. The grant date fair value of shares issued on June 30, 2022 was $58,796 for Mr. Ahearn and $40,060 for each of the other non-associate directors. The grant date fair value of shares issued on September 30, 2022 was $58,860 for Mr. Ahearn and $40,078 for each of the other non-associate directors. The grant date fair value of shares issued on December 31, 2022 was $58,868 for Mr. Ahearn and $40,144 for each of the other non-associate directors. The dollar values of the stock awards do not equal exactly $58,750 per quarter for Mr. Ahearn or $40,000 per quarter for each of the other non-associate directors because we issue whole shares to our non-associate directors and not fractional shares.

(3)The chairs of the nominating and governance and technology committees each received an additional annual cash retainer of $15,000. The chair of the compensation committee received an additional annual cash retainer of $25,000. The chairs of the audit committee each received an additional annual cash retainer of $17,500, pro-rated for the period January 1, 2022 through June 30, 2022, and $26,250, pro-rated for the period May 27, 2022 through December 31, 2022, based on their partial year of service. The Lead Independent Director received an additional annual cash retainer of $30,000.

(4)Ms. Allen and Ms. Hollister each served as non-associate directors until May 26, 2022 (the date of the 2022 annual meeting of stockholders).

(5)Ms. Kro and Mr. Wright were appointed to the board of directors on May 26, 2022 (the date of the 2022 annual meeting of stockholders) and received prorated compensation based on their partial year of service from May 27, 2022 through December 31, 2022.

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SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND

RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 20, 2023 for each person or group who is known by us based solely on our review of SEC filings to beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock, each member of the board of directors, each director nominee, and each of our named executive officers, and all members of the board of directors, director nominees, and our executive officers as a group. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with SEC rules and generally includes any shares over which a person exercises sole or shared voting or investment power.

Unless otherwise indicated, each of the stockholders listed below has sole voting and investment power (or shares such powers) with respect to the shares beneficially owned. Except as indicated below, the address for each stockholder, director, or named executive officer is c/o First Solar, Inc., 350 West Washington Street, Suite 600, Tempe, Arizona 85288. This table assumes 106,822,703 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 20, 2023.

Shares
Beneficially Owned

Percentage
Beneficially Owned

Beneficial Owners of 5% or More

BlackRock, Inc. (1)

13,347,707

12.5

The Vanguard Group (2)

11,570,363

10.8

Directors and Named Executive Officers

Michael J. Ahearn

146,410

Georges J. Antoun

59,187

Alexander R. Bradley

46,419

Richard D. Chapman

24,872

Jason Dymbort

6,419

Anita Marangoly George

2,523

George A. (“Chip”) Hambro

24,372

Molly E. Joseph

13,903

Craig Kennedy

17,881

Lisa A. Kro

1,439

William J. Post

34,225

Paul H. Stebbins

31,290

Caroline Stockdale

23,803

Michael Sweeney

26,665

Mark R. Widmar

130,111

Norman L. Wright

1,849

All directors, director nominees, and executive officers as a group
(20 persons)

617,927

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*Less than one percent.

(1)Based on information provided by BlackRock, Inc., 55 East 52nd Street, New York, NY 10055, in a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on January 30, 2023 reporting beneficial ownership as of December 31, 2022. According to such Schedule 13G/A, BlackRock, Inc. has sole voting power with respect to 12,729,282 shares and sole dispositive power with respect to 13,347,707 shares.

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(2)Based on information provided by The Vanguard Group, 100 Vanguard Blvd., Malvern, PA 19355, in a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on January 10, 2023 reporting beneficial ownership as of December 30, 2022. According to such Schedule 13G/A, The Vanguard Group has shared voting power with respect to 123,008 shares, sole dispositive power with respect to 11,242,306 shares, and shared dispositive power with respect to 328,057 shares.

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the audit committee reviewed and approved a related party transaction with Scale and Sustainability Associates (“SSA”). Mahesh Babu, the husband of Ms. George, a member of our board, is a director of SSA. In September 2021, we entered into a consultancy services agreement with SSA related to environmental permitting for our new plant in India, and the expected price for such services was approximately $60,000. In September 2022, we amended the agreement, which increased the expected price of the services to approximately $124,000. The audit committee determined that this transaction is on terms that are no less favorable to us than could be obtained from unaffiliated parties, and is in our best interest. The nominating and governance committee determined that Ms. George satisfies the independence criteria set forth in our corporate governance guidelines in addition to the applicable rules of the SEC and NASDAQ.

Since December 31, 2021, we have not been a party to any other transaction or series of similar transactions in which the amount involved exceeded or will exceed $120,000 and in which any current director, executive officer, holder of more than five percent of our capital stock, or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing had or will have a material interest, other than in connection with the transactions described herein.

Registration Rights

In connection with our initial public offering in 2006, we entered into a registration rights agreement with certain of our shareholders, which was affirmed by the Acknowledgment and Reaffirmation Agreement dated September 15, 2020 by and among the Company and the current successors and assigns of the shareholders to the original registration rights agreement, including Michael J. Ahearn. The registration rights agreement provides for piggyback registration rights if we register equity securities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), subject to certain lock-up provisions and exceptions. In addition, subject to certain lock-up provisions and exceptions, Michael J. Ahearn has three demand rights and certain of our shareholders have unlimited demand rights, provided that they may only exercise one such demand right within any 365-day period.

Review and Approval of Related Party Transactions

Our audit committee charter requires the review and approval by the audit committee of any related person transaction required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K, to ensure that they are on terms, which, in the judgment of the audit committee, are no less favorable to the Company than could be obtained from unaffiliated parties.

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PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees for audit and other services provided by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:


	2022		2021
Audit fees (1)	$	2,588,957	$	2,978,500
Audit-related fees (2)	143,142		143,195
Tax fees (3)	606,333		559,660
All other fees (4)	3,115		2,900
Total	$	3,341,547	$	3,684,255

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(1)Audit fees represent the aggregate fees for the audit of our consolidated financial statements and audit services in connection with other statutory and regulatory filings or engagements for 2022 and 2021.

(2)Audit-related fees represent the aggregate fees for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our consolidated financial statements and are not reported under “audit fees,” and represent approximately 4% of the total fees in each 2022 and 2021. This category consists primarily of services related to special projects, such as technical assistance with transactions and accounting standards.

(3)Tax fees represent the aggregate fees billed for tax compliance and consulting services, and represent approximately 18% and 15% of the total fees in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(4)All other fees represent the aggregate fees billed for all other services provided that are not included under “audit fees,” “audit-related fees,” or “tax fees,” and represent less than 1% of the total fees in both 2022 and 2021. Such services represent subscriptions to certain PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP accounting research tools.

Audit Committee’s Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The audit committee has policies and procedures that require the pre-approval by the audit committee of all fees paid to, and all services performed by, our independent registered public accounting firm, subject to de minimis exceptions for non-audit services set forth in applicable SEC rules. Each year, the audit committee pre-approves the proposed services, including the nature, type, and scope of services to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm during the year and the related fees. Audit committee pre-approval is also required for those engagements that may arise during the course of the year that are outside the scope of the initial services and fees pre-approved by the audit committee.

The services related to “audit-related fees,” “tax fees,” and “all other fees” presented in the above table were approved by the audit committee pursuant to pre-approval provisions set forth in applicable SEC rules without resort to a waiver of such pre-approval provisions.

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COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

In this Compensation Discussion and Analysis (“CD&A”), we review the objectives and elements of our executive compensation program, its alignment with our performance, and certain compensation decisions for our named executive officers. For 2022, our named executive officers were:

•Mark R. Widmar, Chief Executive Officer;

•Alexander R. Bradley, Chief Financial Officer;

•Georges J. Antoun, Chief Commercial Officer;

•Jason Dymbort, General Counsel & Secretary; and

•Caroline Stockdale, Chief People and Communications Officer

Our Business Strategy, Key 2022 Compensation Decisions and Compensation Best Practices

The core philosophies underlying our compensation decisions remain consistent with prior years. Accordingly, we pay executives for performance and seek to align their interests with those of our stockholders. We are a leading American solar technology company and global provider of PV solar energy solutions. We are the world’s largest thin film PV solar module manufacturer and the largest PV solar module manufacturer in the Western Hemisphere. We believe our strategies and points of differentiation, which include our advanced module technology, our manufacturing process, our research and development capabilities, the sustainability advantage of our modules, and our financial stability, provide the foundation for our leading industry position and enable us to remain one of the preferred manufacturers of PV solar modules.

We endeavor to align our compensation decisions with these strategies and points of differentiation. As a result, our long-term strategic plans require us to evaluate our approach to compensation to ensure that it reflects the elements needed to effectively compensate and retain our senior leadership team and recruit exceptional new talent. As discussed in this CD&A, we continued to evaluate our approach to compensation in 2022, ultimately concluding that few changes to our existing compensation structure were necessary to remain aligned with our long-term strategic plans, stockholders’ objectives, evolving market practices, and legal requirements.

Certain highlights of key 2022 compensation-related decisions include the following:

•Executive Performance Equity Plan. The compensation committee approved awards under our Executive Performance Equity Plan (“EPEP”), which is a long-term incentive program for key executive officers first implemented in 2017. The EPEP is intended to reward the achievement of performance objectives that align with our long-term strategic plans, including the continued execution of our Series 6 and Series 7 module technologies. In 2022, the compensation committee approved grants of performance units (“PUs”) for key executive officers to be earned over an approximately three-year performance period ending in December 2024. These grants of PUs are intended to represent the largest component of our executives’ potential compensation and are based on the relative attainment of target contracted revenue, cost per watt, and cash adjusted return on invested capital (“ROIC”). In designing the 2022 EPEP awards, the compensation committee determined that the selected performance metrics align the interests of our executives with our stockholders by focusing management’s attention on core enablers of long-term competitiveness, such as module costs and company profitability.

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•2022 Annual Bonus Program. In 2022, we used adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”) as the threshold performance metric. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as operating income as reported in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 (as reported in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K), plus depreciation and amortization for the same period, adjusted to exclude production start-up expense, project impairments, certain expenses related to our legacy systems business, and costs associated with the ramp of our manufacturing lines. If we did not achieve the threshold level of adjusted EBITDA, no awards would have been paid under the 2022 Annual Bonus Program (the “2022 Bonus Plan”). Although liquidity remains an important component of creating long-term stockholder value, the compensation committee determined that it was equally important to focus management’s efforts on generating adjusted EBITDA given the focus on our module technology. Beyond this threshold performance metric, the compensation committee established other performance metrics within the 2022 Bonus Plan, which focused on overhead expenses; gender representation; safety rates; module production, cost, and efficiency data; and net bookings.

In 2022, we also continued to implement the following “best practices” with respect to our compensation programs for our named executive officers:

•No Executive Perquisites. Consistent with our compensation philosophy, we do not typically provide our named executive officers with any perquisites not generally available to our other associates.

•Clawback Provisions & Policy. We include compensation recoupment (i.e., “clawback”) provisions with respect to compensation awards, new employment agreements, and new change-in-control severance agreements (“CIC Agreements”), which allow us to recoup, to the extent required by applicable law, incentive and separation payments made to our named executive officers if we later determine that the basis on which such compensation was earned was erroneous. All incentive and equity awards and agreements with our named executive officers are subject to clawback in accordance with all applicable laws. We have also adopted a clawback policy (the “Clawback Policy”) that provides that incentive compensation awarded to all Section 16 officers is subject to recoupment if (i) any future SEC or NASDAQ rules require the Company to seek recovery, or (ii) an accounting restatement occurs due to material non-compliance by the Company with any financial requirement as a result of officer misconduct. Additional information on the Clawback Policy is provided under “Clawback Policy” below.

•Hedging Policy. Our hedging policy prohibits our directors and associates, including all named executive officers, from engaging in any hedging strategies or entering into hedging transactions involving Company securities, including (i) engaging in any short sales with respect to any Company securities; (ii) buying or selling puts, calls, or derivatives on any Company securities; and (iii) purchasing any Company securities on margin.

•Share Ownership Guidelines. To better align the interests of executives with those of our stockholders, we remain committed to reviewing our share ownership guidelines that cover our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers who report directly to the Chief Executive Officer, including the named executive officers. We track each individual’s share holdings against these guidelines. We and our independent compensation consultant routinely review the share ownership guidelines against evolving market practice. Under these guidelines, the Chief Executive Officer’s share ownership requirement is six times base salary and the share ownership requirement of all other executive officers is three times base salary. Executives have five years from the date they become an executive officer to obtain the required ownership levels. As of December 31, 2022, all named executive officers met the share ownership requirements.

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•Double-Trigger Equity Vesting. The CIC Agreements that we entered into after July 2013 with executive officers provide for vesting of equity-based compensation only upon a termination without “cause” or resignation for “good reason” within two years following a change in control of the Company. In addition, all PUs granted under the EPEP provide for such double-trigger vesting provided the PUs are assumed by a successor entity in connection with a change in control of the Company.

•No Tax Gross-ups. Our employment agreements with executives do not include tax gross-ups related to Section 280G of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). In addition, none of our named executive officers is entitled to excise tax gross-ups.

•Consideration of Our Stockholders’ Feedback Regarding Compensation Practices. Our most recent stockholder advisory vote on our executive compensation (or “say on pay”) at the 2020 annual meeting was approved by over 93% of voting stockholders. At the 2017 annual meeting, a triennial cycle for the executive compensation advisory votes was selected by 60% of voting stockholders (or “say when on pay”). The board of directors, taking these results into account, adopted a triennial vote cycle and, for 2022, continued with its executive compensation philosophy. The next say on pay and say when on pay advisory votes will be held at this year’s annual meeting (see Proposal Nos. 3 and 4). We continue to engage with stockholders on a variety of topics and remain committed to fostering further stockholder dialogue.

Clawback Policy

In February 2022, the Company adopted a Clawback Policy that applies to the Company’s current and former Section 16 officers (each a “Covered Individual”). The policy applies to all incentive compensation, including any performance-based annual incentive awards and performance-based equity compensation. Clawback under the policy is triggered by (i) any SEC or NASDAQ rules that require the Company to seek recovery, or (ii) an accounting restatement due to material noncompliance of the Company with any financial reporting requirements that the Board or its designee determines was a result of misconduct by a Covered Individual (a “Restatement”). If a Restatement occurs, the Company will recover the difference between the amount of incentive compensation paid to the Covered Individual whose misconduct contributed to the Restatement and the amount that should have been paid to such Covered Individual in the absence of the Restatement. Any clawback that is triggered by future SEC or NASDAQ rules shall be in accordance with such rules.

Compensation Philosophy

Our compensation philosophy rests on certain foundational principles that inform the way we design our compensation programs and pay our named executive officers. Such principles include the following:

First Solar Pay Is Simple and Is Designed to Align the Interests of Executive Management and Stockholders. Our approach to compensation is straightforward, and this fact is reflected in the components of our executives’ aggregate annual pay. The three primary components of our executive compensation are (i) base salary, (ii) cash incentive compensation (short-term incentive), and (iii) equity compensation (long-term incentive). Our named executive officers have a large percentage of total compensation performance-based and “at risk” (i.e., compensation that is not payable to such executives unless certain performance targets are achieved), and a high percentage of our named executive officers’ total compensation is weighted towards equity compensation to align their interests with those of our stockholders. We do not maintain any supplemental executive retirement programs or other deferred compensation arrangements, and generally no perquisites are available solely for the named executive officers.

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Our Compensation Levels Are Generally Consistent with Market Levels and May Reflect Certain Discretion to Conform to, or Reward, Actual Performance. We believe that our named executive officers should be compensated at a level that ensures their continued dedication to the Company and creates potential rewards for extraordinary results when advancing the goals and strategies of the Company. Our compensation committee works with an independent compensation consultant, who regularly compiles and analyzes market data to determine the pay practices of our peer group (as described below), which our compensation committee uses in determining the level and components of our named executive officers’ pay. In determining compensation for our named executive officers for 2022, our compensation committee considered a market study of relevant industries and our peer group at the end of 2021.

The compensation committee generally considers target total direct compensation (“TDC”) of our peer group (consisting of base salary, target bonus, and long-term incentive compensation) around the 50th percentile in the aggregate as a useful reference in determining the competitiveness of our named executive officers’ target TDC. However, the total compensation (as well as individual components, such as base salary and target bonus) for an individual executive may fall within a range above or below the 50th percentile based on tenure in position, individual performance, and criticality of role.

In 2022, the compensation committee intentionally targeted the value of the 2022 PUs at the 50th percentile of our peer group. These awards, which are performance-based and vest subject to and based on the Company’s performance over an approximately three-year period, were determined by the compensation committee to be critical to executive retention and focus on the Company’s long-term strategic objectives during a critical time in the solar industry.

We Pay for Performance. Our choice of metrics (both financial and operational) related to our short- and long-term incentive plans, and the compensation committee’s discretion to modify certain awards granted under the annual incentive plan, are meant to ensure that (i) our named executive officers are not rewarded unless performance goals are achieved and (ii) operational metrics are not achieved at the expense of financial performance.

Executive Compensation Principles

The compensation committee has responsibility for establishing and overseeing our compensation program as it applies to our named executive officers. The compensation committee bases its executive compensation programs on the principles set forth below, which have generally remained consistent with prior years.


Pay to Market						Compensation should be based on the level of job responsibility, individual performance, and Company performance. Compensation should also reflect the value of the job in the marketplace. To attract and retain a highly skilled workforce, we must provide pay and incentive opportunities that are competitive with the pay and incentive opportunities of other employers who compete with us for talent.

More Responsibility, More Pay at Risk; We Pay for Performance						As associates progress to greater levels of responsibility in the organization, an increasing proportion of their pay should be linked to Company performance and stockholder returns; our senior executives are better able, relative to other associates, to affect the Company’s results.

Metrics Should Motivate Associates to Achieve the Mission						To be effective, performance-based compensation programs should enable participants to easily understand how their efforts can affect their pay through contributions to the Company’s achievement of its strategic, financial, and operational goals. Management prepares programs and materials that are presented to our associates to explain our compensation programs and the objectives of these programs to help our associates better understand how their efforts contribute to Company success.

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Evaluating the Market. Although our determination of the amount and mix of compensation elements for our named executive officers is generally not influenced by short-term market shifts, when extraordinary business changes occur, we believe that our compensation practices should include the requisite flexibility to respond to those changes while remaining consistent with our compensation philosophy.

When setting compensation, we review compensation paid by other companies of comparable size in the same or similar industries (e.g., technology, manufacturing, energy services, and general industry), as well as where our compensation falls within our peer group. Our objective is to generally provide target compensation opportunities at or above the median of market (depending on tenure in position, individual performance, and criticality of role) while providing an opportunity to increase compensation further through exceptional performance, subject to a “maximum” cap.

We do not exclusively rely on market data to determine executive compensation levels. Instead, we incorporate flexibility into our compensation program and in our assessment process to respond to and adjust for the dynamic business environment in which we operate. As the solar industry and our operating initiatives evolve, we will continue to evaluate our approach to compensation with the goal that it be fully aligned with both the business environment and any future updates to our strategic plans.

Components of 2022 Executive Compensation

For 2022, the compensation of named executive officers consisted primarily of three components: (i) base salary, (ii) short-term cash incentive compensation (i.e., an annual bonus), and (iii) long-term equity-based compensation (i.e., multi-year equity awards). These components are described in the chart below, including how each fits into our overall executive compensation package (i.e., the objectives and the specific elements that our compensation programs are designed to address).

Component

Objective

Focus

Base Salary

ü Provides fixed portion of compensation

ü Compensates based on market value for position, individual performance, level of experience, and critical nature of role to the Company

ü Paid in cash

Cash Incentive Compensation

ü Provides at-risk variable compensation linked to short-term corporate, organizational, and strategic goals without sacrificing long-term Company performance

ü Compensates based on performance relative to shorter-term objectives

ü Paid in cash

Equity-Based Compensation

ü Provides at-risk variable pay compensation linked to long-term performance of the Company, individual performance, and critical nature of role

ü Aligns the long-term interests of our stockholders and our named executive officers

ü Paid in PUs and restricted stock units (“RSUs”)

ü Assists in attracting and retaining qualified executives

ü Compensates for overall Company performance

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Each of our named executive officers is party to an employment agreement and a CIC Agreement that protect him or her in the event of certain employment terminations, as well as agreements that protect the Company related to restrictive covenants, including confidentiality, non-competition, and director and officer indemnification agreements. The employment and CIC Agreements provide severance in exchange for a release of claims and equity vesting acceleration under certain circumstances. Employment agreements and CIC Agreements entered into since July 2013 provide for equity vesting acceleration only upon a termination without “cause” or resignation for “good reason” following a change in control of the Company, as described in more detail in “Other Executive Compensation Information – Employment Agreements and Related Arrangements” and “Other Executive Compensation Information – Change-in-Control Severance Agreements.”

Generally, the types of compensation and benefits provided to the named executive officers are like those provided to other members of our senior executive team.

Compensation Committee Practices

Selection of Peer Companies

In 2022, the compensation committee asked its independent consultant WTW to provide (i) data and analysis regarding the selection of companies in our executive compensation peer group and the pay practices of such companies and (ii) a comparison of each of the components of the compensation of our named executive officers against the comparable compensation paid to executives in similarly situated positions at our peer group companies. WTW compared each element of compensation for a particular position against similar elements as disclosed by members of our peer group and reported in a compensation survey of companies of similar size and relevant talent-competitor industries.

The compensation committee routinely analyzes our peer group to determine if it represents comparable companies and industries, and we have made certain changes to our peer group over the years to include companies similar in size and revenue, and with which we compete for talent. For 2022, our peer group comprised U.S.-based public companies with estimated annual revenues with a range from $1 billion to $9 billion that are (i) part of the semiconductors, renewable energy/independent power production and electrical components and equipment industries; (ii) based in the U.S., with similar complexity and/or geographic reach; and/or (iii) companies with which we compete for executive talent.

The current peer group includes 28 companies that are generally reflective of a company of our size. Similarly, larger semiconductor companies (e.g., KLA Corporation, Analog Devices Inc.), and electric utilities engaged in renewable energy generation (e.g., Avangrid, Inc., IDACORP, Inc.) are also included to ensure that these critical and relevant elements of our business are also captured.

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Our 2022 peer group had median 2021 revenues of $3.1 billion. The median market capitalization for the group was $8.6 billion. Based on WTW’s recommendation, we updated our peer group in 2022 to remove four members of the 2021 peer group, the revenues of which were not reflective of our current level of revenue and/or where business changes led them to no longer being suitable for inclusion. We also added four companies with more comparable revenue. Accordingly, our 2022 peer group consisted of:


ALLETE, Inc.	Ameresco, Inc.	Amkor Technology, Inc.
Analog Devices, Inc.	Avangrid, Inc.	Avista Corporation
Cirrus Logic, Inc.	Clearway Energy, Inc.	Diodes, Inc.
EnerSys	Enphase Energy, Inc.	Entegris, Inc.
Generac Holdings Inc.	Green Plains Inc.	IDACORP, Inc.
KLA Corporation	Marvell Technology Group Ltd.	Microchip Technology Incorporated
MKS Instruments, Inc.	Monolithic Power Systems, Inc.	ON Semiconductor Corporation
Pinnacle West Capital Corporation	Qorvo, Inc.	Renewable Energy Group, Inc.
Skyworks Solutions, Inc.	SunPower Corporation	Synaptics Incorporated
Teradyne, Inc.

Review of Peer Company Data

On at least a biennial basis, but typically annually, the compensation committee evaluates the compensation of our named executive officers against data regarding the pay practices of companies in our peer group and relevant compensation survey data, looking at individual components of pay, including total amounts paid or payable. In addition, the compensation committee annually reviews the payments to our named executive officers that would be required under various severance scenarios. When conducting this review, the compensation committee also considers information and recommendations from management regarding past, present, and future compensation of our named executive officers under various payment scenarios.

Based on its review and analysis, WTW concluded, and our compensation committee agreed, that the compensation paid to our named executive officers was consistent with our stated compensation objectives regarding our target pay as compared to our peer group and was thus reasonable in the aggregate as compared to the peer group above. See “Executive Compensation Principles – Evaluating the Market.”

Individual Compensation Review

The individual performance of each of our named executive officers has been, and continues to be, a major factor in the compensation committee’s decisions regarding such executive’s level of compensation. Absent unusual circumstances, our process for review of individual compensation of our named executive officers is generally as follows. After the completion of each year, our independent directors (meeting in executive session under the direction of the chair of the compensation committee) review the performance of our Chief Executive Officer for the prior year, evaluating his achievement against individual and Company objectives (which objectives were agreed upon by him and the compensation committee early in the prior year), his contributions to the Company’s performance, and other leadership accomplishments.

Our Chief Executive Officer provides the compensation committee with an assessment of prior year performance of, and a recommendation for compensation changes with respect to, our other named executive officers, evaluating each named executive officer based on achievement of objectives by the executive and his or her department or function, his or her contribution to the Company’s performance, and other leadership accomplishments. Based on these considerations and following an exercise of its independent judgment on the board’s interactions with the named executive officers, the compensation committee (i) sets base salary and target bonus percentages for the current year, (ii) determines the appropriate level, if any, of cash-incentive compensation for the prior year, and (iii) determines the appropriate equity incentive compensation for the named executive officer.

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Compensation Risk Analysis

In the context of the total compensation review and the adoption of our 2022 incentive compensation programs, the compensation committee considered whether our compensation structure and programs encourage excessive or inappropriate risk taking and concluded that they did not do so.

2022 Compensation Decisions

The following is a discussion of the considerations taken into account in establishing compensation for our named executive officers in 2022. See “Compensation Philosophy” for further information regarding the process the compensation committee used to determine such compensation.

Base Salary

Base salary is the fixed element of our named executive officers’ annual cash compensation. The value of base salary for each named executive officer reflects the terms of such executive’s employment agreement and his or her individual performance and skill set, including the market value of that skill set.

The compensation committee evaluates market data using the studies prepared by WTW and reviews the individual performance of executives during our regular annual salary review process, which we refer to as our “annual pay cycle.” For 2022, the annual base salary rates of our named executive officers were as follows:

•Mr. Widmar – $900,000 (increased by 3% to $927,000 effective March 1, 2022);

•Mr. Bradley – $480,000 (increased by 3% to $494,500 effective March 1, 2022);

•Mr. Antoun – $575,000;

•Mr. Dymbort – $400,000 (increased by 3% to $412,000 effective March 1, 2022); and

•Ms. Stockdale – $430,000.

Cash Incentive Compensation

Our cash incentive compensation consists primarily of our annual bonus program (which is adopted pursuant to our 2020 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (“2020 Omnibus Plan”)), which we use to incentivize achievement of certain Company goals. We also use cash incentive compensation to create incentives for individuals to join our Company, including to compensate such individuals for payments forfeited by leaving their prior employment to join us or to offset relocation costs.

Annual Bonus Program. We use our annual bonus program to encourage the achievement of specified strategic, financial, and operational objectives to help us achieve our mission to provide cost-advantaged solar technology through innovation, customer engagement, industry leadership, and operational excellence. On March 1, 2022, the compensation committee adopted the 2022 Bonus Plan for executives, including our named executive officers, with a single overall threshold performance metric and additional performance metrics, to strengthen the connection between executive performance and incentive pay, which is one of our core executive compensation principles. The compensation committee selected the metrics and weighting applicable to the 2022 Bonus Plan considering our long-term strategic plans, including an emphasis on the continued execution of our Series 6 and Series 7 module technology.

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Upon achievement of the threshold adjusted EBITDA metric, the maximum bonus pool was eligible to be funded, but the amount of each participant’s actual bonus was determined based on the achievement of the various additional performance metrics, which could result in actual payout less than the maximum bonus pool. Furthermore, the Chief Executive Officer (or the compensation committee, in the case of the Chief Executive Officer) retained discretion to adjust any award achieved under the program to the extent appropriate. All bonus payments are subject to our Clawback Policy. Our 2022 Bonus Plan required that all associates be employed on the bonus payout date with certain exceptions for retirement, death, or a long-term disability. These exceptions allow for eligibility of a pro-rated award based on days of service completed during the performance year.

Bonus Program Targets, Objective, and Calculation. The 2022 Bonus Plan, as applicable to our named executive officers, included the following performance metrics, which were established based on the goals set forth in our confidential annual operating plan for 2022.

•Threshold Metric: Minimum adjusted EBITDA of $200 million (must be achieved for any bonus payout to occur).

•Corporate: 2022 overhead run rate (25%), gender representation (5%), and safety metrics (5%), which collectively accounted for 35% of the 2022 Bonus Plan.

•R&D / Manufacturing: Cost per Watt (“CpW”) produced (20%), CuRe energy equivalent watts (10%), and bifacial equivalent watts (10%), which collectively accounted for 40% of the 2022 Bonus Plan.

•Commercial: Net bookings accounted for 25% of the 2022 Bonus Plan.

We selected adjusted EBITDA as the threshold metric to our 2022 Bonus Plan to enhance our executives’ focus, in a transition year, on core operating decisions that would position the company for future success. We believe that the above metrics are key short-term drivers of our long-term success, align with our long-term strategic plans, and are critical measures of success with respect to our annual operating plan. The relative achievement of these performance metrics is linked to enhancing our competitive position in the marketplace by reducing our operating and manufacturing costs, enhancing our product performance, and increasing our sales. We designed the metrics to encourage selling modules at a reasonable gross margin profile, which is expected to increase our profitability while acknowledging the intense pricing competition within the solar industry. We have a proactive focus on associate safety and our gender representation metric shows our commitment to diversity and attracting the best talent. By establishing such performance metrics, we believe we aligned our 2022 Bonus Plan with our overall goals.

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2022 Bonus Targets and Payout Results. Based on an assessment of our 2022 results against the criteria described above, the 2022 Bonus Plan results were as presented below:

2022 Bonus Plan Threshold Metric Results

Threshold Metric

Minimum Threshold Level

Result

Adjusted EBITDA (1)

> $200 million

Meets

2022 Bonus Plan Performance Metric Results

Metric

Weighting

Focus

Payout Factor

Corporate

2022 overhead run rate

25%

Profitability

1.62

Gender representation

Diversity

0.94

Safety (2)

Operations

2.00

R&D / Manufacturing

CpW produced

20%

Profitability

0.52

CuRe energy equivalent watts

10%

Technology

1.50

Bifacial equivalent watts

10%

Technology

0.90

Commercial

Net bookings

25%

Growth/Profitability

2.00

2022 Bonus Plan Payout Level

1.40

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(1)Adjusted EBITDA is defined as operating income as reported in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, plus depreciation and amortization for the same period, adjusted to exclude production start-up expense, project impairments, certain expenses related to our legacy systems business, and costs associated with the ramp of our manufacturing lines.

(2)Our safety metric during 2022 related to “good catch” incidents, which are recorded observations of any unsafe behaviors, conditions, or opportunities for safety improvement.

Each performance metric was weighted in accordance with its importance in achieving the goals laid out in our confidential annual operating plan. Targets are set based on levels proposed by management prior to the beginning of the year. Performance goals developed by management are reviewed internally by our Financial Planning & Analysis (“FP&A”) department using a rigorous process to determine the range of potential performance for each measure based on a review of the historical levels of achievement for each metric, and are also reviewed by our Chief Executive Officer, before being presented to the compensation committee for approval. Every year, in determining performance targets, our FP&A department focuses on continuous improvement of Company performance and conducts an analysis for each metric by projecting the cost saved and value added by achievement of each performance goal to determine whether the performance levels required to achieve certain performance goals should be adjusted upward. The performance goals were set at levels that our FP&A department, our management, and the compensation committee believe would require strong performance for a target payout (1.0 multiplier). A threshold payout (0.5 multiplier) was assigned to performance at a level that, while not certain at the time targets were set, we considered likely that such performance would be achieved by the end of the year. Maximum payout (2.0 multiplier) is a stretch performance goal that requires superior performance that delivers meaningful value to our stockholders. If the threshold level of performance was not achieved for a specific metric, the multiplier for that metric would be zero. Additionally, each performance metric was subject to a related governing metric, which precluded the performance metric from exceeding a target payout (1.0 multiplier) if the governing metric was not achieved.

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The maximum bonus percentage payable under this formula in the 2022 Bonus Plan was approximately 200% of target. The Chief Executive Officer, with the approval of the compensation committee, (or the compensation committee, in the case of the Chief Executive Officer) elected to apply certain discretionary adjustments to the 2022 payout for our named executive officers; namely, downward discretion to Mr. Bradley, upward discretion to payouts for Messrs. Antoun, and Dymbort, and no discretion to Mr. Widmar and Ms. Stockdale. See “Summary Compensation Table – Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation” for specific payout levels for each named executive officer.

The threshold and performance goal targets and results under the 2022 Bonus Plan were as follows (others are considered confidential competitive information and are intentionally omitted from disclosure):

•the threshold adjusted EBITDA target was $200 million and was achieved at $419 million;

•the overhead expenses target was $295 million and was achieved at $280 million;

•the gender representation target was 21% of women in the workforce and was not achieved, but the threshold was achieved at 20.9%;

•the safety target was 50 “good catch” incidents per 100 employees and was achieved at 242 “good catch” incidents per 100 employees; and

•the net bookings target was 14 GWDC and was achieved at 48.3 GWDC.

Target Bonus Percentage. Target bonus percentages are established based on job responsibilities, internal pay equity, and peer group data and are evaluated during our annual pay cycle on the same basis as base salary (as discussed above in “2022 Compensation Decisions – Base Salary”). As of the beginning of 2022, the target bonus percentages of our named executive officers were as follows (expressed as a percentage of base salary):

•Mr. Widmar – 125% (increased to 135% effective March 1, 2022);

•Mr. Bradley – 90%;

•Mr. Antoun – 90%;

•Mr. Dymbort – 75% (increased to 80% effective March 1, 2022); and

•Ms. Stockdale – 80%.

Equity-Based Compensation

We have always been a firm proponent of equity-based compensation and continue to grant time-based RSUs with longer vesting schedules to address retention concerns, while tying realizable compensation to the returns of our stockholders. For example, in 2022 we extended the vesting period for our RSU awards to five years from four years. We also grant PUs to incentivize performance over an approximately three-year performance period. In 2022, we granted such RSUs and PUs to each of our named executive officers, with an intended long-term incentive mix of approximately 60% PUs and 40% RSUs (based on achieving target performance levels for the PUs). The compensation committee continues to believe that granting such equity-based compensation furthers our goal of aligning executive and stockholder interests and mitigating certain distractions that our executives may feel because of the ongoing volatility in the solar industry. See “Compensation Philosophy” for further information regarding the process the compensation committee used to determine the value of equity awards granted to our named executive officers in 2022.

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Our general practice is to grant our equity awards relatively early in the year. We do not time our grants specifically to avoid any internal “blackouts” or other periods during which our executives and directors may be prohibited by our Insider Trading Policy or applicable law from trading in our securities, or otherwise to provide any preferential benefit to our executives and directors. Details of the equity grants to our named executive officers are contained in the “Grants of Plan-Based Awards” table and the “Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End” table.

EPEP. We believe that a long-term incentive program provides significant benefit to the Company and we routinely reevaluate the components of our equity-based long-term incentive programs. Awards under such programs (i) are expected to represent the largest component of executives’ potential compensation (see “Components of 2022 Executive Compensation”), (ii) serve as a retention tool, and (iii) ensure that our executives’ compensation is linked to the long-term interests of our stockholders and our Company performance, consistent with our compensation philosophy.

For the 2022 PU grants to be earned over an approximately three-year performance period ending in December 2024, the target performance metrics include (i) backlog for delivery after 2024 (40% weighting), (ii) Series 7 cost per watt (40% weighting), and (iii) cash adjusted ROIC (20% weighting).

Each performance metric of the EPEP ranges from a threshold level of 0.5 in cases of weaker performance to 2.0 in cases of stronger performance. A 0.5 multiplier was assigned to performance at a level that, while not certain at the time targets were set, we considered likely that such performance would be achieved by the end of the performance period. A 1.0 multiplier was assigned to performance at a level that, while not certain at the time targets were set, aligned with the goals in our confidential long-term operating plan, and thus was at a level that we expected we could achieve by the end of the performance period. A 2.0 multiplier was assigned to a performance level that was substantially more uncertain. If the minimum threshold level of performance is not achieved for a specific metric, the multiplier for that metric will be zero.

Unvested EPEP awards are forfeited upon termination of employment, other than a termination due to death, disability, or a qualifying retirement after the end of the first calendar year of the performance period, in which case the executive would be eligible for a prorated settlement of any PUs following the end of the performance period, based on actual achievement of the applicable performance goals, and prorated based on the length of the period the executive was employed by the Company during the performance period. Retirement is defined as the executive’s voluntary termination of employment after attaining age 55 and completing at least ten years of service. Upon a change in control of the Company in which the acquirer assumes or substitutes such PUs, the PUs will vest in accordance with the provisions described above, unless the executive’s employment is terminated without “cause” or the executive resigns for “good reason.” In such circumstances, the vesting of the PUs will accelerate based on the greater of (i) target level of performance or (ii) actual achievement. Upon the occurrence of a change in control of the Company in which the acquirer does not assume or substitute such PUs, the PUs would be deemed immediately vested at the greater of (i) the target level of performance or (ii) the actual achievement of the applicable performance goals as of the last day of the calendar quarter preceding the change in control.

The grant date fair value of the 2022 PUs granted on March 15, 2022 for our named executive officers was $2,729,968 for Mr. Widmar; $809,943 for Mr. Bradley; $879,955 for Mr. Antoun; $449,985 for Ms. Stockdale; and $479,969 for Mr. Dymbort.

RSUs. On March 15, 2022, each of our named executive officers received time-based RSUs, vesting at a rate of 20% on each of the first five anniversaries of the grant date, subject to the individual’s continued employment through such dates. The vesting schedule of the RSUs is designed to complement the EPEP incentive program to maximize retentive value.

The grant date fair value of RSUs granted on March 15, 2022 for our named executive officers was $1,820,029 for Mr. Widmar; $540,012 for Mr. Bradley; $220,008 for Mr. Antoun; $300,065 for Ms. Stockdale; and $320,004 for Mr. Dymbort.

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Upon an executive’s termination without cause or a termination due to death or disability, the executive would receive one year of service credit for any outstanding RSUs in accordance with his or her employment agreement terms. In the event of a change in control of the Company, any RSUs would accelerate vesting in accordance with his or her employment agreement terms. See “Executive Compensation – Employment Agreements and Arrangements.”

Other Executive Compensation Information

Broad-based Benefit Programs and Other Compensation

Our named executive officers are entitled to participate in the various benefit programs we offer to all our associates, including a 401(k) plan, medical plan, dental plan, vision plan, life insurance plan, and long-term and short-term disability plans. Under our 401(k) plan, we make a matching contribution equal to 100% of our associates’ contributions up to a maximum of 4% of an associate’s plan-eligible compensation. In 2022, each of Messrs. Widmar, Bradley, Antoun, and Dymbort and Ms. Stockdale received the maximum matching contribution of $12,200. Our named executive officers each have vacation entitlements of four weeks per year.

Employment Agreements and Related Arrangements

We have entered into employment, confidentiality, non-competition, non-solicitation, and director and officer indemnification agreements with each of our named executive officers. The compensation committee believes these contracts are fair, reasonable, appropriate, and necessary to attract and retain the executives who are party to these agreements.

Severance Benefits. Our executive employment agreements generally provide that if an individual’s employment is terminated without “cause” (as defined therein), then the executive shall be eligible for (i) salary continuation for a severance period subject to the execution of a release of claims in favor of the Company during the severance period, (ii) health benefits coverage for the severance period, subject to certain contingencies, and (iii) an additional 12 months’ service credit for purposes of determining vesting of equity-based compensation awards (this additional service credit does not apply to PUs). The employment agreements also provide for an additional 12 months’ service credit for purposes of determining vesting of equity-based compensation in the event employment terminates due to the executives’ death or disability (as defined therein).

Severance benefits, by their nature, require compensation payments without the receipt of corresponding services. We believe that our executive employment agreements set a proper balance between providing sufficient protection on employment termination and ensuring the executive has sufficient personal investment with respect to his or her employment with the Company and generally provide severance benefits consistent with market practice.

We consistently review the employment agreements we enter into with our named executive officers to address market changes, and our compensation committee has adopted a number of changes to be applied prospectively when entering into agreements with executives to more closely align with market practice. Such changes include the elimination of severance benefits upon a resignation for “good reason” (except in connection with a change in control of the Company), the addition of provisions that make clear that all payments to our executives under such agreements other than base salary are subject to our clawback provision, all severance payments and benefits being subject to the execution of an irrevocable release of claims in favor of the Company, and sign-on bonuses being subject to recoupment in the event of a termination for “cause” within one year of the executive’s start date.

Restrictive Covenants. Our executive confidentiality agreements describe our expectations of the executives regarding our proprietary and confidential information. The non-competition and non-solicitation agreements establish a “protected period” that generally matches the severance period. During the protected period, the senior executives are subject to restrictive covenants as provided in the agreements.

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For more details on these employment agreements and the compensation and benefits payable or to be provided in the event of a termination of employment, see “Executive Compensation – Employment Agreements and Arrangements” and “Executive Compensation – Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control – Potential Payments upon Termination of Employment (Other than in the Context of a Change in Control).”

Change-in-Control Severance Agreements

We have entered into CIC Agreements with each of our named executive officers. These agreements are intended to align the interests of the executives with our stockholders in a potential change in control situation by mitigating the uncertainty and questions a potential change in control may raise among such executives, allowing them to focus their continued attention and dedication to their assigned duties.