crvo20250630

crvo20250630_10q.htm

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☒

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ______________.

Commission file number: 001-37942

CervoMed Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	30-0645032
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

20 Park Plaza, Suite 424
Boston, Massachusetts	02116
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(617) 744-4400

(Registrant’s telephone number including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	CRVO	NASDAQ Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒
	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of common stock outstanding at August 6, 2025 was 9,252,719 shares.

CervoMed Inc.

		Page No.
Part I	PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1

Item 1:	ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	1

Item 2:	ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	20

Item 3:	ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	29

Item 4:	ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	29

Part II	PART II – OTHER INFORMATION	31

Item 1:	ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	31

Item 1A:	ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS	31

Item 2:	ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS	31

Item 3:	ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES	31

Item 4:	ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	31

Item 5:	ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION	31

Item 6:	ITEM 6. EXHIBITS	32

Signatures		33

INTRODUCTORY NOTES

Note Regarding Company References and Other Defined Terms

As previously disclosed in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 17, 2023 with the SEC, on August 16, 2023, the Delaware corporation formerly known as “Diffusion Pharmaceuticals Inc.” completed a merger transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 30, 2023 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Diffusion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Diffusion”), Dawn Merger Sub Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Diffusion (“Merger Sub”) and EIP Pharma, Inc. (“EIP"), pursuant to which Merger Sub merged with and into EIP, with EIP surviving the Merger a wholly-owned subsidiary of Diffusion (the “Merger”). Additionally, on August 16, 2023, Diffusion changed its name from “Diffusion Pharmaceuticals Inc.” to “CervoMed Inc.”

For accounting purposes, the Merger is treated as a reverse recapitalization under U.S. GAAP and EIP is considered the accounting acquirer. Accordingly, EIP’s historical results of operations are deemed the Company’s historical results of operations for all periods prior to the Merger and, for all periods following the Merger, the results of operations of the combined company will be included in the Company’s financial statements. Following the completion of the Merger, the business conducted by the Company became primarily the business conducted by EIP.

Accordingly, unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this Quarterly Report to “CervoMed,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us,” refer to the business of EIP for all dates and periods prior to August 16, 2023 and to the business of CervoMed for all dates and periods subsequent to (and including) August 16, 2023.

We have also used several other defined terms in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the "Quarterly Report"), many of which are explained or defined below:

Term	Definition
2015 Equity Plan	CervoMed Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended
2018 Plan	CervoMed Inc. 2018 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended
2025 Equity Plan	CervoMed Inc. 2025 Equity Incentive Plan
2024 Private Placement	our private placement of an aggregate of 2,532,285 units, each consisting of (i) (A) one share of common stock or (B) one Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof and (ii) one Series A Warrant, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to approximately $149.4 million, completed on April 1, 2024
401(k) Plan	CervoMed Inc. 401(k) Defined Contribution Plan
AD	Alzheimer’s Disease
Annual Report	our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 17, 2025
ADCS-CGIC	the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study — Clinical Global Impression of Change
ASC	Accounting Standard Codification of the FASB
ASU 2023-09	ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”
AscenD-LB Trial	our Phase 2a clinical trial evaluating neflamapimod for the treatment of patients with DLB, completed in the second half of 2021
ASU	Accounting Standards Update
BFC	basal forebrain cholinergic
Board	the board of directors of the Company
CDMO	contract development and manufacturing organization
CDR-SB	Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes test

CMC	chemistry, manufacturing and controls
CODM	chief operating decision maker
common stock	the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share
CRO	contract research organization
DLB	dementia with Lewy bodies
DLB without AD co-pathology	DLB without concomitant AD-related pathology. May also be referred to as "pure" DLB.
EIP Common Stock	the common stock, par value $0.001, of EIP issued and outstanding prior to the Merger
Exchange Act	Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
Extension or Extension Phase	with respect to the RewinD-LB Trial, the 32-week extension phase of the trial from which 16-week results were reported in March 2025
FASB	Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDA	U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Former COO	the Company’s former Chief Operating Officer
FTD	frontotemporal dementia
GFAP	glial fibrillary acidic protein
Initial Phase	with respect to the RewinD-LB Trial, the initial 16-week double-blind, placebo controlled phase of the trial from which topline results were reported in December 2024
IT	information technology
Nasdaq	the Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC
New Capsules	the batch of neflamapimod drug product capsules manufactured in March 2023 and administered for the majority of the RewinD-LB Trial Extension phase
NIA	the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health
NIA Grant	the $21.3 million grant awarded to us by the NIA to support the RewinD-LB Trial, $21.0 million of which was awarded in January 2023 and an additional $0.3 million of which was awarded in August 2024
NIH	National Institutes of Health
Old Capsules	the batch of neflamapimod drug product capsules manufactured in October 2020 and administered for the Initial Phase of the RewinD-LB Trial and a portion of the Extension
p38α	p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase alpha
Pre-Funded Warrants	the pre-funded warrants each to purchase one share of common stock at a purchase price of $0.001 per share issued in connection with the 2024 Private Placement
PPA	primary progressive aphasia
ptau181	plasma phosphorylated tau at position 181
Regulation S-K	Regulation S-K promulgated under the Securities Act
Restore Trial	our ongoing Phase 2a clinical trial evaluating neflamapimod for the treatment of patients recovering from ischemic stroke, which we expect to initiate in the second quarter of 2025
RewinD-LB Trial	our ongoing Phase 2b clinical trial evaluating neflamapimod for the treatment of patients with DLB, initiated in the second quarter of 2023
ROU	right-of-use
Sales Agreement	Sales Agreement, dated May 12, 2025, by and between the Company and Leerink Partners LLC
SEC	U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Securities Act	Securities Act of 1933, as amended
Separation Agreement	the Separation Agreement, effective July 1, 2025, by and between the Company and the Former COO
Series A Warrants	the warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,532,285 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $39.24 per share issued in connection with the 2024 Private Placement
U.S.	United States of America
U.S. GAAP	U.S. generally accepted accounting principles
Vertex	Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
Vertex Agreement	the Option and License Agreement, dated as of August 27, 2012, by and between EIP Pharma LLC and Vertex, as amended

iii

Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report (including, for purposes of this Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements, any information or documents incorporated herein by reference) includes express and implied forward-looking statements. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events, competitive dynamics and industry change, and depend on the economic circumstances that may or may not occur in the future or may occur on longer or shorter timelines than anticipated. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this Quarterly Report, we caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, and prospects may differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, and prospects are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report, they may not be predictive of actual results or reflect unanticipated developments in future periods.

Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places throughout this Quarterly Report. We may, in some cases, use terms such as “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “aims,” “seeks,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “could,” “will,” “should,” “approximately,” “potential,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “predict,” “forecast,” “continue,” or other words that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes to identify these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements also include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs, projections, outlook, analyses or expectations concerning, among other things:

	●	our cash balances and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future;
	●	the success and timing of our ongoing and planned clinical trials and preclinical studies, including our ability to enroll participants in our studies at anticipated rates and our ability to manufacture an adequate amount of drug supply for our studies;
	●	obtaining and maintaining intellectual property protection for our current or future product candidates and our proprietary technology;
	●	the performance of third parties, including CROs, manufacturers, suppliers, and outside consultants, to whom we outsource certain operational, staff and other functions;
	●	our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our current or future product candidates and, if approved, our products, including the labeling under any approval we may obtain;
	●	our plans and ability to develop and commercialize our current or future product candidates and the outcomes of our research and development activities;
	●	our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues, capital requirements, and needs for additional financing;
	●	our future obligations under the Vertex Agreement;
	●	our failure to recruit or retain key scientific or management personnel or to retain our executive officers;
	●	the accuracy of our estimates of the size and characteristics of the potential markets for our current or future product candidates, the rate and degree of market acceptance of any of our current or future product candidates that may be approved in the future, and our ability to serve those markets;
	●	the success of products that are or may become available which also target the potential markets for our current or future product candidates;
	●	our ability to operate our business without infringing the intellectual property rights of others and the potential for others to infringe upon our intellectual property rights;
	●	any significant breakdown, infiltration, or interruption of our IT systems and infrastructure;
	●	our ability to remediate our previously disclosed material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting in a timely manner;
	●	recently enacted and future legislation related to the healthcare system;
	●	other regulatory developments in the U.S., European Union, and other foreign jurisdictions;

	●	our ability to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq or any other exchange on which our securities may trade in the future;
	●	uncertainties related to general economic, political, business, industry, and market conditions, including the continued availability of funding for the NIA to support disbursements under our previously received grant and
	●	other risks and uncertainties, including those discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" herein and in our other public filings.

As a result of these and other factors, known and unknown, actual results could differ materially from our intentions, beliefs, projections, outlook, analyses, or expectations expressed in any forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report will prove to be accurate or that any such inaccuracy will not be material. You should also understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors, and you should not consider any such list to be a complete set of all potential risks or uncertainties. In light of the foregoing and the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. For all forward-looking statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

Any forward-looking statements that we make in this Quarterly Report speak only as of the date of such statement, and, except as required by applicable law or by the rules and regulations of the SEC, we undertake no obligation to update such statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Comparisons of current and any prior period results are not intended to express any ongoing or future trends or indications of future performance, unless explicitly expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data.

Note Regarding Trademarks, Trade Names, and Service Marks

This Quarterly Report includes trademarks, trade names, and service marks owned by us or other companies. All trademarks, service marks and trade names included in this Quarterly Report are the property of their respective owners. To the extent any such terms appear without the trade name, trademark, or service mark notice, such presentation is for convenience only and should not be construed as being used in a descriptive or generic sense.

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CervoMed Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(unaudited)

	June 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	8,320,713		$	8,999,496
Marketable securities		25,210,453			29,922,523
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,964,327			1,905,360
Deferred offering costs		224,931			—
Grant receivable		2,360,975			2,254,231
Total current assets		38,081,399			43,081,610
Total assets	$	38,081,399		$	43,081,610
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,845,609		$	1,511,440
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		2,796,011			2,367,842
Total liabilities		4,641,620			3,879,282
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders’ Equity:
Series A preferred stock $0.001 par value: 30,000,000 authorized at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 0 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024		—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value: 1,000,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024: 9,252,719 and 8,702,719 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		9,252			8,702
Additional paid-in capital		115,315,232			109,868,913
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income		(783	)		56,197
Accumulated deficit		(81,883,922	)		(70,731,484	)
Total stockholders' equity		33,439,779			39,202,328
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	38,081,399		$	43,081,610

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements

CervoMed Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Grant revenue	$	1,757,724		$	3,288,971		$	3,675,215		$	5,636,221
Operating expenses:
Research and development		5,108,625			3,772,391			9,946,423			6,586,649
General and administrative		3,265,374			2,511,679			5,647,951			4,639,609
Total operating expenses		8,373,999			6,284,070			15,594,374			11,226,258
Loss from operations		(6,616,275	)		(2,995,099	)		(11,919,159	)		(5,590,037	)
Other income (expense):
Other expense		(10,256	)		(247	)		(10,391	)		(277	)
Interest income		368,127			678,441			777,112			759,074
Total other income, net		357,871			678,194			766,721			758,797
Net loss	$	(6,258,404	)	$	(2,316,905	)	$	(11,152,438	)	$	(4,831,240	)
Per share information:
Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted	$	(0.70	)	$	(0.27	)	$	(1.26	)	$	(0.65	)
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted		8,950,521			8,702,764			8,827,305			7,436,633
Net loss:
Net unrealized loss on marketable securities		(22,006	)		(19,702	)		(56,980	)		(19,702	)
Total comprehensive loss	$	(6,280,410	)	$	(2,336,607	)	$	(11,209,418	)	$	(4,850,942	)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements

CervoMed Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(unaudited)

	Three Month Period Ended June 30, 2025
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated other comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital		(loss) income			Deficit			Equity
Balance at March 31, 2025		8,702,719	$	8,702	$	110,230,080	$	21,223		$	(75,625,518	)	$	34,634,487
Unrealized loss on marketable securities		—		—		—		(22,006	)		—			(22,006	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		497,015		—			—			497,015
Sale of common stock, net of issuance costs		550,000		550		4,588,137		—			—			4,588,687
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(6,258,404	)		(6,258,404	)
Balance at June 30, 2025		9,252,719	$	9,252	$	115,315,232	$	(783	)	$	(81,883,992	)	$	33,439,779

	Six Month Period Ended June 30, 2025
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated other comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital		(loss) income			Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2024		8,702,719	$	8,702	$	109,868,913	$	56,197		$	(70,731,484	)	$	39,202,328
Unrealized loss on marketable securities		—		—		—		(56,980	)		—			(56,980	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		858,182		—			—			858,182
Sale of common stock, net of issuance costs		550,000		550		4,588,137		—			—			4,588,687
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(11,152,438	)		(11,152,438	)
Balance at June 30, 2025		9,252,719	$	9,252	$	115,315,232	$	(783	)	$	(81,883,992	)	$	33,439,779

	Three Month Period Ended June 30, 2024
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated other comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital		loss			Deficit			Equity
Balance at March 31, 2024		6,170,479	$	6,170	$	62,285,332	$	—		$	(56,955,124	)	$	5,336,378
Issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and common stock warrants, net of offering costs		2,083,262		2,083		46,396,478		—			—			46,398,561
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		578,581		—			—			578,581
Unrealized loss on marketable securities		—		—		—		(19,702	)		—			(19,702	)
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(2,316,905	)		(2,316,905	)
Balance at June 30, 2024		8,253,741	$	8,253	$	109,260,391	$	(19,702	)	$	(59,272,029	)	$	49,976,913

	Six Month Period Ended June 30, 2024
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in			Accumulated other comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital			loss			Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2023		5,674,520	$	5,674	$	61,811,889		$	—		$	(54,440,789	)	$	7,376,774
Issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and common stock warrants, net of offering costs		2,083,262		2,083		46,396,478			—			—			46,398,561
Stock options granted in lieu of compensation		—		—		255,724			—			—			255,724
Cashless exercise of pre-funded warrants		495,959		496		(496	)		—			—			—
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		796,796			—			—			796,796
Unrealized loss on marketable securities		—		—		—			(19,702	)		—			(19,702	)
Net loss		—		—		—			—			(4,831,240	)		(4,831,240	)
Balance at June 30, 2024		8,253,741	$	8,253	$	109,260,391		$	(19,702	)	$	(59,272,029	)	$	49,976,913

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements

CervoMed Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025			2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(11,152,438	)	$	(4,831,240	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Accretion of discount on marketable securities, net		(486,494	)		(338,208	)
Stock-based compensation expense		858,182			796,796
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(58,967	)		(1,028,399	)
Deferred offering costs		(163,354	)		—
Accounts payable		272,592			63,383
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		428,169			(604,556	)
Grant receivable		(106,744	)		915,404
Deferred grant revenue		—			1,401,501
Net cash used in operating activities		(10,409,054	)		(3,625,319	)

Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of marketable securities		(16,858,416	)		(40,570,256	)
Maturities of marketable securities		22,000,000			—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		5,141,584			(40,570,256	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from the sale of common stock, prefunded warrants and common stock warrants, net of offering costs		—			46,411,946
Sale of common stock under Open Market Sales Agreement, net of issuance costs		4,588,687			—
Net cash provided by financing activities		4,588,687			46,411,946

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(678,783	)		2,216,371
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		8,999,496			7,792,846
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	8,320,713		$	10,009,217

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	$	(56,980	)	$	19,702
Stock options granted in lieu of cash bonus	$	—		$	255,724
Deferred offering costs in accounts payable	$	61,577		$	13,385
Cashless exercise of prefunded warrants	$	—		$	496

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements

CervoMed Inc.

Notes To Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements

1. The Company and Description of Business

The Company is a corporation organized under the laws of the state of Delaware and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The Company is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing treatments for age-related neurologic disorders. The Company is currently focused on the development of its lead drug candidate, neflamapimod, an investigational, orally administered, small molecule brain penetrant that inhibits p38α in the neurons of people with neurodegenerative diseases. The Company believes neflamapimod has the potential to treat synaptic dysfunction, the reversible aspect of the underlying disease processes in DLB and certain other major neurological disorders. The Company recently completed its RewinD-LB Trial, a Phase 2b study of neflamapimod in patients with DLB funded primarily by a $21.3 million grant from the NIA.

2. Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company has generated negative cash flows from operations and, as of June 30, 2025, had an accumulated deficit of $81.9 million. Based on its current operating plan, the Company believes its existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities on hand of $33.5 million as of June 30, 2025, along with remaining funds to be received from the NIA Grant, will enable the Company to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least twelve months from the issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements. The Company has based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and it could utilize its available capital resources sooner than it currently expects. The Company will continue to require additional financing to advance its current product candidates through clinical development, to develop, acquire or in-license other potential product candidates and to fund operations for the foreseeable future. The Company intends to continue to seek funds through equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, including potential collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. However, the Company may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed, on favorable terms, or at all. If the Company does raise additional capital through public or private equity offerings, the ownership interest of its existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of such securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the Company's stockholders’ rights. If the Company raises additional capital through a debt financing, it may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting the Company's ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Any failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on the Company's financial condition and on its ability to pursue its business plans and strategies. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient capital when needed, it may need to delay, reduce or terminate planned activities to reduce costs, including development or commercialization activities for neflamapimod. The Company might also be required to seek funds through arrangements with third parties that require it to relinquish certain of its rights to neflamapimod or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to the Company.

Operations of the Company are subject to certain additional risks and uncertainties as well, and any one or more of these factors could materially affect the Company’s financial condition, future operations and liquidity needs. Many of these risks and uncertainties are outside of the Company’s control, including internal and external factors that may affect the success or failure of the Company’s research and development efforts, the length of time and cost of developing and commercializing the Company’s current or future product candidates, whether and when any such product candidates become approved drugs, and how significant a drug’s market share will be, if approved, among others.

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of presentation

The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP as defined by the FASB.

Unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared by the Company in accordance with U.S. GAAP for interim information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed as part of the Company's Annual Report.

CervoMed Inc.

Notes To Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements

These unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in management’s opinion, include all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the financial information for the interim periods. However, the results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full fiscal year.

Consolidation

The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, grant revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, the Company’s management evaluates its estimates, including estimates related to money market accounts, clinical trial accruals, stock-based compensation expense, grant revenue, and expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other market-specific or relevant assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates or assumptions.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company maintains deposits in a financial institution in excess of government insured limits. Management believes that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk as the Company’s deposits are held at a financial institution that management believes to be of high credit quality, and the Company has not experienced any losses on these deposits. Management also believes that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk as it relates to marketable securities because the Company invests in U.S. government securities and commercial paper.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly-liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash and cash equivalents. Cash equivalents, which consist of amounts invested in money market funds, are stated at fair value. There are de minimis unrealized losses on the money market funds for the period ended June 30, 2025.

Marketable Securities

The Company classifies its marketable securities as available-for-sale, which include commercial paper and U.S. government debt securities with original maturities of greater than 90 days from date of purchase. These securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported on the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss and accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income within stockholders’ equity until realized. Purchase discounts are accreted using the effective interest method over the term of the related security and such accretion is included in interest income on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

CervoMed Inc.

Notes To Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements

The Company evaluates its investments in marketable securities for impairment at each reporting period when the fair value is below amortized cost. If the Company intends to sell the security, or it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of amortized cost, the entire impairment is included in earnings. The Company did not record any impairment on marketable securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. There was no allowance for credit losses as of June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Equity issuance costs

The Company capitalizes costs directly associated with equity financings as deferred offering costs on its consolidated balance sheet. These costs remain capitalized until such financings are consummated, at which time such costs are recorded against the gross proceeds from the applicable financing. With respect to financings conducted on an ongoing basis, such as at-the-market offerings, costs are recognized ratably as funds are received in proportion to the aggregate offering amount. If a financing is abandoned, any remaining deferred offering costs are expensed.

As of June 30, 2025, there were $0.2 million of deferred offering costs related to the Sales Agreement. There were no deferred offering costs as of December 31, 2024, as the Sales Agreement was entered into in May 2025.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines the fair value of its financial instruments based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:

Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

Level 2 – Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases, which requires a lessee to recognize an ROU asset and corresponding lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and expense recognition in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss as well as the reduction of the ROU asset. The standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company has elected to apply (i) the practical expedient, which allows us to not separate lease and non-lease components, for new leases and (ii) the short-term lease exemption for all leases with an original term of less than 12 months, for purposes of applying the recognition and measurements requirements in the standard.

At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on specific facts and circumstances, the existence of an identified asset(s), if any, and the Company’s control over the use of the identified asset(s), if applicable. Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of future lease payments over the expected lease term. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As such, the Company utilizes the incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

CervoMed Inc.

Notes To Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements

The Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components as a single component. Operating leases are recognized on the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as ROU assets, lease liabilities, current and lease liabilities, non-current. Fixed rent payments are included in the calculation of the lease balances, while variable costs paid for certain operating and pass-through costs are excluded. Lease expense is recognized over the expected term on a straight-line basis.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of new product development. Research and development costs include salaries and benefits, consultants’ fees, process development costs and stock-based compensation, as well as fees paid to third parties that conduct certain research and development activities on the Company’s behalf.

A substantial portion of the Company’s ongoing research and development activities are conducted by third-party service providers. The Company records accrued expenses for estimated preclinical study and clinical trial expenses. Estimates are based on the services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, CROs in connection with clinical studies, investigative sites in connection with clinical studies, vendors in connection with preclinical development activities, and CDMOs in connection with the production of materials for clinical trials. Further, the Company accrues expenses related to clinical trials based on the level of subject enrollment and activity according to the related agreement. The Company monitors subject enrollment levels and related activity to the extent reasonably possible and makes judgments and estimates in determining the accrued balance in each reporting period. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as prepaid or accrued research and development.

If the Company underestimates or overestimates the level of services performed or the costs of these services, actual expenses could differ from estimates. To date, the Company has not experienced significant changes in its estimates of preclinical studies and clinical trial costs.

Patent Costs

All patent-related costs incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred are classified as general and administrative expenses in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation for employee and non-employee awards is measured on the grant date based on the fair value of the award and recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The fair value of stock options to purchase common stock are measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

The fair value of stock options is determined by the Company using the methods and assumptions discussed below. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires judgment and estimation by management.

CervoMed Inc.

Notes To Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements

Expected Term—The expected term represents the period that stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The Company uses the “simplified method” to estimate the expected term of stock option grants. Under this approach, the weighted-average expected life is presumed to be the average of the contractual term of ten years and the weighted-average vesting term of the Company stock options, taking into consideration multiple vesting tranches. The Company utilizes this method due to lack of historical data and the plain-vanilla nature of the Company’s stock-based awards.

Expected Volatility—The Company has limited information on the volatility of its common stock as the shares were not actively traded on any public markets until recently. The expected volatility is derived from the historical stock volatility of comparable peer public companies within its industry. These companies are considered to be comparable to the Company’s business over a period equivalent to the expected term of the stock-based awards.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the date of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term.

Expected Dividend Rate—The expected dividend is zero as the Company has not paid, nor does it anticipate paying, any dividends on its stock options in the foreseeable future.

Grant Revenue

The Company generates revenue from government contracts that reimburse the Company for certain allowable costs for funded projects.

The Company recognizes funding received from the NIA Grant as grant revenue, rather than as a reduction of research and development expenses, because the Company is the principal in conducting the research and development activities and these contracts are central to its ongoing operations. Revenue is recognized as the qualifying expenses related to the contracts are incurred. Revenue recognized upon incurring qualifying expenses in advance of receipt of funding is recorded in the Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheets as grant receivable. Amounts received in advance of services rendered are recorded as deferred grant revenue on the Company's unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. The related costs incurred by the Company are included in research and development expense in the Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to recover or settle. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized on the statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the period that includes the enactment date.

The deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent the Company believes that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Due to the Company’s historical operating performance and the recorded cumulative net losses in prior fiscal periods, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance.

The Company records uncertain tax positions using a two-step process. First, the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position. Second, for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

CervoMed Inc.

Notes To Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements

The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits on the interest expense line and other expense line, respectively, in the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Accrued interest and penalties are included on the related liability lines in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted net loss per share includes the effect, if any, from the potential exercise or conversion of securities such as common stock warrants and stock options which would result in the issuance of incremental shares of common stock. For diluted net loss per share, the weighted-average number of shares of common stock is the same for basic net loss per share due to the fact that, when a net loss exists, dilutive securities are not included in the calculation as the impact is anti-dilutive.

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding, as they would be anti-dilutive:

	June 30,
	2025		2024
Common stock warrants		2,601,671		2,633,868
Stock options		995,374		533,304
		3,597,045		3,167,172

Segments

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” This amended guidance applies to all public entities and aims to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses, to enable investors to develop more decision-useful financial analyses. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2024.

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the CODM, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources in assessing performance. CervoMed Inc. has one reportable segment which consists of the development of clinical and preclinical product candidates for treatments for age-related neurologic disorders and other medical indications. The Company’s CODM is the Chief Executive Officer.

The accounting policies of the Company’s single segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. To date, the Company has not generated any product revenue. The Company expects to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as it advances product candidates through all stages of development and clinical trials and, ultimately, seek regulatory approval. The CODM assesses the financial performance for the Company's segment based on net loss. The CODM also uses internal budget versus forecasted expense and cash forecast models in making certain decisions. Such models are reviewed to assess the entity-wide/single-segment operating results and performance, including how long cash-on-hand is expected to be sufficient. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheet as total assets. The segment measure of loss is reported on the unaudited interim condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss as net loss.

CervoMed Inc.

Notes To Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements

Recently Issued But Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements and Legislation

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”. ASU 2023-09 is intended to improve income tax disclosure requirements by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) the disaggregation of income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The guidance makes several other changes to the income tax disclosure requirements as well. The guidance in ASU 2023-09 will be effective for annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, "Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses" (ASU 2024-03). ASU 2024-03 requires additional disclosure of specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the statement of operations and comprehensive loss as well as disclosures about selling expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The requirements will be applied prospectively with the option for retrospective application. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2024-03 will have on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

On July 4, 2025, the U.S. government enacted The One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 which includes, among other provisions, changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system including the allowance of immediate expensing of qualifying research and development expenses and permanent extensions of certain provisions within the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The Company is currently evaluating the future impact of these tax law changes on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

4. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities. The Company’s cash, cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities.

CervoMed Inc.

Notes To Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements

The following table presents the Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	June 30, 2025
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)

Assets
Cash equivalents (money market accounts)	$	6,859,363	$	—	$	—
Marketable securities:
Commercial paper		—		17,741,598		—
U.S. treasury bonds		—		3,995,520		—
U.S. government agency bonds		—		1,981,780		—
Corporate debt securities		—		1,491,555		—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	6,859,363	$	25,210,453	$	—

	December 31, 2024
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)

Assets
Cash equivalents (money market accounts)	$	7,559,336	$	—	$	—
Marketable securities:

SEC Form 10-Q filed by CervoMed Inc.