UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________to

Commission File Number 001-41600

BULLFROG AI HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Nevada

84-4786155

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

325 Ellington Blvd., Unit 317

Gaithersburg, MD 20878

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (240) 658-6710

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging Growth Company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock $0.00001 par value per share	BFRG	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (The Nasdaq Capital Market)

Tradeable Warrants	BFRGW	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (The Nasdaq Capital Market)

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding, as of May 10, 2024 was 7,850,550.

BULLFROG AI HOLDINGS, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR FORM 10-Q

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)	5
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	14
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	18
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	18

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	19

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	19
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	19
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	19
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	19
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	19
Item 5.	Other Information	19
Item 6.	Exhibits	20

	SIGNATURES	21

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, or the “Securities Act,” and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or the “Exchange Act.” These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical results or anticipated results.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “intend,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” or the negative of these terms. These terms and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements in this report are based upon management’s current expectations and beliefs, which management believes are reasonable. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors, or factors we are unaware of, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this report. Except to the extent required by federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

You should be aware that our actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including:

●

our future financial performance, including our revenue, costs of revenue, operating expenses and profitability;

●

the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents to meet our liquidity needs;

●

our predictions about the proprietary development, digital transformation technology and bio health businesses and their respective market trends;

●

our ability to attract and retain customers in all our business segments to purchase our products and services;

●

the availability of financing for smaller publicly traded companies like us;

●

our ability to successfully expand in our three principal business markets and into new markets and industry verticals; and

●

our ability to effectively manage our growth and future expenses.

Other risks and uncertainties include such factors, among others, as market acceptance and market demand for our products and services, pricing, the changing regulatory environment, the effect of our accounting policies, industry trends, adequacy of our financial resources to execute our business plan, our ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel, and other risks described from time to time in periodic and current reports we file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the “SEC.” You should consider carefully the statements under this report, which address additional factors that could cause our actual results to differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements and could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the applicable cautionary statements.

PART 1. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023

Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	7,010,717		$	2,624,730
Prepaid expenses		632,596			145,882
Total current assets		7,643,313			2,770,612

Property and equipment, net		5,543			5,974
Total assets	$	7,648,856		$	2,776,586

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	154,542		$	103,656
Accrued expenses		182,834			80,694
Short term insurance financing		507,154			-
Total current liabilities		844,530			184,350
Total liabilities		844,530			184,350

Stockholders’ equity
Series A Convertible Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value, 5,500,000 shares authorized; 73,449 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.		1			1
Common stock, $0.00001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 7,850,550 and 6,094,644 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.		79			61
Additional paid-in capital		18,479,738			12,347,098
Accumulated deficit		(11,675,492	)		(9,754,924	)
Total stockholders’ equity		6,804,326			2,592,236
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	7,648,856		$	2,776,586

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)

	2024			2023
	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
Revenue
Revenue	$	-		$	-
Total revenue		-			-

Cost of goods sold
Cost of goods sold		-			-
Total cost of goods sold		-			-

Gross profit		-			-

Operating expenses
Research and development		552,126			369,933
General and administrative		1,413,592			820,712
Total operating expenses		1,965,718			1,190,645

Loss from operations		(1,965,718	)		(1,190,645	)

Other income (expense), net
Interest expense, net		(3,273	)		(60,281	)
Loss on conversion of notes		-			(92,959	)
Interest income		65,197			18,338
Total other income (expense), net		61,924			(134,902	)
Net loss		(1,903,794	)		(1,325,547	)
Deemed dividend related to warrant exercise price adjustment		(16,774	)		-
Net loss attributatble to common stockholders	$	(1,920,568	)	$	(1,325,547	)

Net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders - basic and diluted	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.27	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding - basic and diluted		7,388,508			4,840,023

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Capital		Deficit			Equity
	Series A Preferred Stock				Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Capital		Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2022		73,449	$	1		4,021,935	$	40	$	1,341,662	$	(4,399,055	)	$	(3,057,352	)
Stock-based compensation		-		-		-		-		127,450		-			127,450
Issuance of common stock and warrants, net of issuance cots		-		-		1,297,318		13		7,293,638		-			7,293,651
Issuance of common stock for services		-		-		7,692		1		49,999		-			50,000
Conversion of convertible debt to common stock		-		-		331,166		3		1,535,612		-			1,535,615
Net loss		-		-		-		-		-		(1,325,547	)		(1,325,547	)
Balance at March 31, 2023		73,449	$	1		5,658,111	$	57	$	10,348,361	$	(5,724,602	)	$	4,623,817

Balance at December 31, 2023		73,449	$	1		6,094,644	$	61	$	12,347,098	$	(9,754,924	)	$	2,592,236
Balance		73,449	$	1		6,094,644	$	61	$	12,347,098	$	(9,754,924	)	$	2,592,236
Stock-based compensation		-		-		-		-		335,417		-			335,417
Issuance of common stock and warrants, net of issuance costs		-		-		1,247,092		13		5,674,638		-			5,674,651
Issuance of common stock pursuant to warrant exercises		-		-		508,814		5		105,811		-			105,816
Deemed dividend related to warrant price adjustment		-		-		-		-		16,774		(16,774	)		-
Net loss		-		-		-		-		-		(1,903,794	)		(1,903,794	)
Balance at March 31, 2024		73,449	$	1		7,850,550	$	79	$	18,479,738	$	(11,675,492	)	$	6,804,326
Balance		73,449	$	1		7,850,550	$	79	$	18,479,738	$	(11,675,492	)	$	6,804,326

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

	2024			2023
	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024			2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(1,903,794	)	$	(1,325,547	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation		431			431
Stock-based compensation		335,417			127,450
Shares issued for services		-			50,000
Loss on conversion of notes		-			92,959
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expense		(486,714	)		(791,298	)
Accounts payable		50,886			92,898
Accrued expenses		102,140			(608,229	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(1,901,634	)		(2,361,336	)

Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		-			-
Net cash used in investing activities		-			-

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and warrants, net of issuance costs		5,674,651			7,293,651
Proceeds from warrant exercises		105,816			-
Proceeds from notes payable		-			100,000
Payments of notes payable		-			(299,950	)
Proceeds from short term insurance financing		561,885			697,534
Payments of short term insurance financing		(54,731	)		(68,048	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		6,287,621			7,723,187

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		4,385,987			5,361,851

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		2,624,730			57,670
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	7,010,717		$	5,419,521

Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	3,273		$	83,074
Cash paid for taxes	$	-		$	-

Supplemental non-cash activity
Issuance of common stock upon conversion of notes payable	$	-		$	1,535,615

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

1. Organization and Nature of Business

Description of Business

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. (“we”, “our” or the “Company”) was incorporated in the State of Nevada in February 2020. Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. is the parent company of Bullfrog AI, Inc. and Bullfrog AI Management, LLC which were incorporated in Delaware and Maryland, in 2017 and 2021, respectively. All of our operations are currently conducted through BullFrog AI Holdings, Inc., which began operations in February 2020. We are a company focused specifically on advanced AI/ML-driven analysis of complex data sets in medicine and healthcare. Our objective is to utilize our platform for a precision medicine approach to drug asset enablement through external partnerships and selective internal development.

Most new therapeutics will fail at some point in preclinical or clinical development. These failures are the primary drivers for the high cost of developing new therapeutics. A major part of the difficulty in developing new therapeutics is efficient integration of complex and highly dimensional data generated at each stage of development to de-risk subsequent stages of the development process. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) has emerged as a digital solution to help address this problem.

We use artificial intelligence and machine learning to advance medicines for both internal and external projects. Most current AI/ML platforms still fall short in their ability to synthesize disparate, high-dimensional data for actionable insight. Our analytical platform is composed of an ensemble of state-of-the-art machine learning and artificial intelligence models. Our core platform technology, named bfLEAP™ is an analytical AI/ML platform developed at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU-APL) which is able to surmount the challenges of scalability and flexibility currently hindering researchers and clinicians by providing a more precise, multi-dimensional understanding of their data. We are deploying our analytical platform, including bfLEAP™, for use at several critical stages of development for internal programs and through strategic partnerships and collaborations with the intention of streamlining data analytics in therapeutics development, decreasing the overall development costs by decreasing failure rates for new therapeutics, and impacting the lives of countless patients that may otherwise not receive the therapies they need.

The proprietary analytical platform utilizes both supervised and unsupervised machine learning. As such, it is able to reveal real and meaningful connections in the data without the need for a priori hypothesis. Algorithms used in the platform are designed to handle highly imbalanced data sets and successfully identify combinations of factors that are associated with outcomes of interest. Our platform leverages models that use both correlative and causative machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches which provide a comprehensive approach to predictive analysis which is expected to lead to meaningful insights including the molecular drivers of disease.

Our goal is to improve the odds of success at any stage of pre-clinical and clinical therapeutics development, for in-house programs, and for our strategic partners and collaborators. Our business model includes enabling the success of ongoing clinical trials and rescuing late stage failed drugs (i.e., Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trial failures) by bringing them in-house for development prior to eventual divestiture; although, we also consider collaborations for earlier stage drugs. We pursue our drug asset enhancement business by leveraging the powerful and proven bfLEAP™ AI/ML platform initially developed at JHU-APL. We believe the bfLEAP™ analytics platform is a potentially disruptive tool for analysis of pre-clinical and/or clinical data sets, such as the robust pre-clinical and clinical trial data sets being generated in translational R&D and clinical trial settings.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The Company has had negative cash flows from operations and operated at a net loss since inception. In the first quarter of 2023, we completed our initial public offering (“IPO”). In the first quarter of 2024, we received net proceeds of approximately $5.7 million from an underwritten secondary public offering of common stock and warrants. As of March 31, 2024, the Company has a cash balance of approximately $7.0 million. In the absence of significant revenues in 2024, the Company believes that its capital resources are sufficient to fund planned operations for approximately 12 months from the date of this filing.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The condensed consolidated statements are unaudited and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2024. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with the audited annual consolidated financial statements included in the 10-K and, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary to fairly state our financial position, our results of operations, and cash flows.

The results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results expected for the year ending December 31, 2024 or any other future period.

In February 2023, we completed a 1-for-7 reverse split of our common stock. Stockholders’ equity and all references to shares and per share amounts in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods presented.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue based on the following five step model:

	●	Identification of the contract with a customer

This step outlines the criteria that must be met when establishing a contract with a customer to supply goods or services.

●

Identification of the performance obligations in the contract

This step describes how distinct performance obligations in the contract must be handled.

●

Determination of the transaction price

This step outlines what must be considered when establishing the transaction price, which is the amount the business expects to receive for transferring the goods or services to the customer.

●

Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

This step outlines guidelines for allocating the transaction price across the contract’s separate performance obligations, and is what the customer agrees to pay for the goods or services.

●

Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation

Revenue can be recognized as the business meets each performance obligation. This step specifies how that should happen.

Contract Services

The Company anticipates that the majority of its revenues to be recognized in the near future will result from discovery and monetization of new drug targets and intellectual property from data use partnerships focused on analysis of rich proprietary data sets. The target market for monetization will primarily be large to mid-size biopharmaceutical organizations seeking to build their new drug target pipeline. A secondary revenue channel is fee for service partnerships with biopharmaceutical companies, and other organizations, of all sizes that have challenges analyzing data throughout the drug development process. The Company provides the customer with an analysis of large complex data sets using the Company’s proprietary Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning platform. This platform is aimed at predicting targets of interest, patterns, relationships, anomalies, and molecular drivers of disease. The Company believes that there will be additional on-going work requested from partners, therefore, the service model utilizes a master services agreement with work or task orders issued for discrete analysis performed at the discovery, preclinical, or clinical stages of drug development. The Company receives a cash fee and, in some instances, the potential for rights to new intellectual property generated from the analysis. Once data analysis and the analysis report are complete, the Company delivers the analysis set to the customer and recognizes revenue at that point in time.

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no new or material changes to the significant accounting policies discussed in the Company’s audited financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Standards

The Company has evaluated issued Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) not yet adopted and believes the adoption of these standards will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

3. Convertible Notes

August 2021 Note

In August 2021, the Company entered into a convertible loan agreement with an unrelated party for a commitment of up to $195,000 with a 5% original issue discount and a 9% interest rate. The loan was repaid in its entirety in February 2023.

December 2021 Note

In December 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with an unrelated party with a principal amount of $25,000, a 10% original issue discount and a 6% interest rate. Concurrent with the closing of the Company’s IPO, the note converted according to its terms into 6,939 shares of common stock. No gain or loss was recognized on the conversion.

Convertible Bridge Notes

In 2022, the Company received approximately $991,000 of proceeds from the issuance of Convertible Bridge Notes from several offerings. Concurrent with the closing of the Company’s IPO in February 2023, all of the Convertible Bridge Notes converted according to their terms into 269,513 shares of common stock. No gain or loss was recognized on the conversions.

4. Convertible Notes – Related Party

SAFE Agreement

In July 2021, the Company entered into a Simple Agreement for Future Equity (SAFE) with a related party at a purchase price of $150,000. In February 2023, the SAFE terminated and converted into 32,967 shares of common stock according to its terms upon the closing of the Company’s IPO. The conversion was considered a redemption for accounting purposes and consequently, the Company recognized a $63,626 loss on the conversion.

August 2021 Note

In August 2021, the Company entered into a convertible loan agreement with a related party in the amount of $99,900. In February 2023, the related party elected to convert the convertible loan into 21,747 shares of common stock according to its terms upon the closing of the Company’s IPO. The conversion was considered a redemption for accounting purposes and consequently, the Company recognized a $29,333 loss on the conversion.

5. Notes Payable

In January 2023, the Company entered into a short-term note payable with a principal balance of $100,000, an original discount of 20% and a 9% interest rate. The note was repaid in its entirety in February 2023.

In February 2023, the Company entered into an agreement to finance a portion of the premium for its Directors and Officers Insurance. The agreement provided for financing of $697,534 of the premium, repayments in 10 equal monthly installments of $71,485 each through December 2023 and accrued interest at 6.5%. The financing was repaid during 2023.

In February 2024, the Company again entered into an agreement to finance a portion of the premium for its Directors and Officers Insurance. The agreement provides for financing of $561,885 of the premium, repayments in 10 equal monthly installments of $58,005 each through December 2024 and accrued interest at 6.99%.

6. Stockholder’s Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company has 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized at a par value of $0.00001 with 5,500,000 being designated as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Of the 5,500,000 authorized shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, 73,449 were issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024. Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible at any time into 10 shares of the Company’s common stock. The Series A Preferred Stock is the economic equivalent of the common stock but has no voting rights and is subject to a blocker which prohibits the conversion into common stock if it would result in the investor owning more than 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding common stock at such time.

Common Stock

The Company has 100,000,000 shares of common stock authorized at a par value of $0.00001.

In February 2023, the Company completed its IPO for the sale of 1,297,318 units (each, a “Unit,” collectively, the “Units”) at a price of $6.50 per Unit for a total of approximately $8.4 million of gross proceeds. Each Unit consisted of one share of the Company’s common stock, one tradeable warrant (each, a “Tradeable Warrant,” collectively, the “Tradeable Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $7.80 per share, and one non-tradeable warrant (each, a “Non-tradeable Warrant,” collectively, the “Non-tradeable Warrants”; together with the Tradeable Warrants, each, a “Warrant,” collectively, the “Warrants”) to purchase one share of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $8.125.

In connection with the completion of its IPO, the Company issued an aggregate of 331,166 shares of common stock upon the conversion of certain outstanding convertible debt (see Note 4).

In connection with the IPO, in February 2023, the Company completed a 1-for-7 reverse split of its common stock. Stockholders’ equity and all references to shares and per share amounts in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods presented.

In February 2023, the Company issued 7,692 shares of common stock for consulting services and recognized $50,000 of compensation expense related to these shares.

In February 2024, the Company received approximately $6.5 million of gross proceeds from the sale of 1,247,092 shares of common stock, 478,429 pre-funded warrants and 1,725,521 warrants (collectively the “Units”). The Units were sold at a price of $3.782 and the sale was completed via an underwritten secondary public offering and includes the underwriter’s exercise of their overallotment option. The warrants have an exercise price of $4.16 and expire five-years from issuance. The pre-funded warrants have an exercise price of $0.001 and were all exercised in their entirety in the first quarter of 2024.

Dilutive securities are excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because their effect is anti-dilutive. As of March 31, 2024, 5,307,444 warrants and 826,717 options for common shares were excluded from the calculation of net loss per share. As of March 31, 2023, 3,941,113 warrants and 734,492 options for common shares were excluded from the calculation of net loss per share.

2022 Equity Incentive Plan

In November 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted, and its shareholders approved, the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan provides for the granting of equity-based awards to employees, directors, and consultants. The Plan provides for equity-based awards including incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance share awards, cash awards and other equity-based awards. Awards are limited to a maximum term of 10 years and any exercise prices shall not be less than 100% of the fair market value of one share of common stock on the grant date. The Plan authorizes an initial maximum number of shares underlying awards of 1,035,000 with an automatic annual 15% increase that began in 2024.

Stock Options

The following tables summarizes the stock option activity for the three months ended March 31:

Schedule of Stock Options Activity

	Number of Shares		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2023		527,717	$	4.17		9.00	$	112,141
Granted		299,000		3.90
Exercised		-		-
Forfeited / canceled		-		-
Outstanding at March 31, 2024		826,717		4.07		9.12		100,452
Vested at March 31, 2024		356,505		4.02		8.63		63,272

	Number of Shares		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2022		69,217	$	3.06		7.08	$	117,669
Granted		184,500		2.80
Exercised		-		-
Forfeited / canceled		-		-
Outstanding at March 31, 2023		253,717		2.87		9.21		131,431
Vested at March 31, 2023		108,622		2.98		8.32		44,342

The fair value of options granted in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the assumptions in the table below:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Expected dividend yield		0%		0%
Expected volatility		91% - 95%		82% - 84%
Risk-free interest rate		4.0% - 4.3%		3.45%
Expected life (in years)		5.25 - 6.0		5.5 - 6.0

	●	Volatility – The trading volatility was determined by calculating the volatility of the Company’s peer group.
	●	Expected life of options – The expected life of options granted to employees was determined using the simplified method.
	●	Risk-free interest rate – This is the U.S. Treasury rate, having a term comparable to the expected life of the stock option.
	●	Dividend yield – The Company does not expect to pay a dividend in the foreseeable future.

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2.97 and $1.97, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $333,020 and $105,239, respectively of compensation expense related to stock options.

As of March 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options was approximately $1,415,000, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years.

Warrants

The following table provides details over the Company’s outstanding warrants as of March 31, 2024:

Schedule of Outstanding Warrants

Exercise Price		Expiration		Number of Warrants
	$0.0007		2030		274,286
	$2.10 - $2.66		2026 - 2032		446,160
	$3.36 - $4.27		2028 - 2029		1,933,226
	$6.51 - $7.80		2026 - 2032		1,484,829
	$8.125		2027 - 2028		1,443,227
					5,581,728

Warrants Issued in Conjunction with Transactions

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued the following warrants as part of the Company’s February 2023 IPO:

	●	276,452 contingent warrants to certain debt holders with an exercise price of $4.27 and an expiration date 5 years from issuance. As of March 31, 2024, 204,033 warrants have been exercised and 72,409 remain outstanding. As a result of the February 2024 transaction, the exercise price of the warrants was reduced to $3.782 pursuant to the anti-dilution provision contained in the warrants. The effect of the change in price was recognized as a deemed dividend of $5,794 which increases net loss available to common stockholders for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
	●	18,000 contingent warrants as fees to the Company’s underwriters with an exercise price of $8.125 and an expiration date 4 years from issuance. As of March 31, 2024, none of these warrants have been exercised. As a result of the February 2024 transaction, the exercise price of the warrants was reduced to $3.782 pursuant to the anti-dilution provision contained in the warrants. The effect of the change in price was recognized as a deemed dividend of $10,980 which increases net loss available to common stockholders for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
	●	1,297,318 tradable warrants with an exercise price of $7.80 and an expiration date 5 years from issuance. Through March 31, 2024, 100 warrants have been exercised.
	●	1,297,318 non-tradable warrants with an exercise price of $8.125 and an expiration date 5 years from issuance. As of March 31, 2024, none of these warrants have been exercised.
	●	153,409 tradeable warrants to our underwriters pursuant to the overallotment options with an exercise price of $7.80 and an expiration date 5 years from issuance. As of March 31, 2024, none of these warrants have been exercised.
	●	153,409 non-tradeable warrants to our underwriters pursuant to the overallotment options with an exercise price of $8.125 and an expiration date 5 years from issuance. As of March 31, 2024, none of these warrants have been exercised.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued the following warrants as part of the Company’s secondary public offering:

	●	1,507,139 warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $4.16 per share and an expiration date 5 years from issuance. In addition, the Company issued an additional 218,382 warrants with an exercise price of $4.16 and an expiration date 5 years from issuance pursuant to the underwriters’ overallotment option. As of March 31, 2024, 16,000 of these warrants have been exercised and 1,709,521 remain outstanding.
	●	478,429 pre-funded warrants with an exercise price of $0.001. As of March 31, 2024, all of these pre-funded warrants have been exercised.
	●	90,428 warrants with an exercise price of $4.16 per share and an expiration date 5 years from issuance to our underwriters. The warrants are valued at approximately $263,000 and as of March 31, 2024, none of these warrants have been exercised.

Warrants Issued as Consideration for Services

The following table summarizes the activity for warrants issued as consideration for services for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023:

Schedule of Warrant Activity

	Number of Warrants			Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2022		678,176		$	1.57		7.6	$	2,131,123
Granted		-			-
Exercised		-			-
Forfeited / canceled		-			-
Outstanding at December 31, 2023		678,176			1.57		6.6		1,209,136
Granted		-			-
Exercised		(14,285	)		2.66
Forfeited / canceled		-			-
Outstanding at March 31, 2024		663,891			1.55		6.3		1,170,302
Vested at March 31, 2024		660,910			1.54		6.3		1,168,664

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $2,397 and $22,211, respectively, of compensation expense related to certain warrants.

As of March 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested warrants was $610 to be recognized over approximately 0.4 years.

7. Income Taxes

The Company has not recorded any tax provision or benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company has provided a valuation allowance for the full amount of its net deferred tax assets since realization of any future benefits from deductible temporary differences, net operating loss carryforwards, and research and development credits are not more-likely-than-not to be realized at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

8. Material Agreements

JHU-APL Technology License

In February 2018, the Company entered into an exclusive, world-wide, royalty-bearing license from JHU-APL. The license covers three (3) issued patents, one (1) new provisional patent application, non-patent rights to proprietary libraries of algorithms and other trade secrets, as well as modifications and improvements. In October 2021, the Company executed an amendment to the original license for improvements and new advanced analytics capabilities. In consideration of the rights granted to the Company under the License Agreement, JHU received a warrant equal to five percent (5%) of the then fully diluted equity base of the Company, which was diluted following the closing of the IPO. Under the terms of the License Agreement, JHU will be entitled to an eight percent (8%) royalty on net sales for the services provided by the Company as well as fifty percent (50%) of all sublicense revenues received by the Company on services and sublicenses in which the JHU licensed technology was utilized. In addition, the Company is required to pay JHU an annual maintenance fee of $1,500. Minimum annual royalty payments are $20,000 for 2022, $80,000 for 2023, and $300,000 per year for 2024 and beyond. If cumulative annual royalty payments do not reach these levels, the amount due to JHU to reach the annual minimum is due by January 31st of the following year. Failure to make annual royalty payments is considered a material breach under the agreement and upon notice from JHU of a material breach, the Company shall have 60 days to cure the material breach. In July 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive, world-wide, royalty-bearing license from JHU-APL for the additional technology developed to enhance the bfLEAP™ platform. The new license provides additional intellectual property rights including patents, copyrights, and knowhow to be utilized under the Company’s bfLEAP™ analytical AI/ML platform. This license supersedes the previous license. In consideration of the new license, the Company issued 39,879 shares of common stock to JHU. Under the terms of the new License Agreement, JHU will be entitled to eight percent (8%) of net sales for the services provided by the Company to other parties and three percent (3%) for internally developed drug projects in which the JHU license was utilized. The new license also contains tiered sub licensing fees that start at 50% and reduce to 25% based on revenues. In addition, under the new license agreement, the minimum annual royalty payments are $30,000 for 2022, $60,000 for 2023, and $300,000 per year for 2024 and beyond.

In May 2023, the Company and JHU-APL entered into Amendment number 1 of the July 2022 License Agreement whereby the Company gained access to certain improvements including additional patents and knowhow in exchange for a series of payments totaling $275,000. The first of these payments for $75,000 was paid in July 2022 and the remaining payments of $75,000, $75,000, and $50,000 are due in years 2024, 2025, and 2026, respectively. The amendment also reduced the 2023 minimum annual royalty payment to $60,000, all other financial terms remain the same. As of March 31, 2024, we have accrued $75,000 of the 2024 minimum annual royalty payments.

George Washington University - Beta2-spectrin siRNA License

In January 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive, world-wide, royalty-bearing license from George Washington University (GWU) for rights to use siRNA targeting Beta2-spectrin in the treatment of human diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The license covers methods claimed in three US and worldwide patent applications, and also includes use of this approach for treatment of obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

In consideration of the rights granted to the Company under the License Agreement, the Company paid GWU a $20,000 License Initiation Fee. Under the terms of the License Agreement, GWU will be entitled to a three percent (3%) royalty on net sales subject to quarterly minimums once the first sale has occurred subsequent to regulatory approval, as well sublicense or assignment fees in the event the Company sublicenses or assigns their rights to use the technology. The Company will also reimburse GWU for previously incurred and ongoing patent costs. The Sublicense and Assignment fee amounts decline as the Company advances the clinical development of the licensed technology. The license agreement also contains milestone payments for clinical development through the approval of an NDA and commercialization. As of March 31, 2024, there has been no accrual for royalties since we have not begun to generate applicable revenue. The Company assessed whether the license should be capitalized and determined that the licensed program is in the early stage and therefore may not be recoverable; the Company expensed the license fee and will expense development costs until commercial viability is likely.

Johns Hopkins University – Mebendazole License

In February 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive, world-wide, royalty-bearing license from Johns Hopkins University (JHU) for the use of an improved formulation of Mebendazole for the treatment of any human cancer or neoplastic disease. This formulation shows potent activity in animal models of different types of cancer and has been evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial in patients with high-grade glioma (NCT01729260). The trial, an open-label dose-escalation study, assessed the safety and efficacy of the improved formulation with adjuvant temozolomide in 24 patients with newly diagnosed gliomas. Investigators observed no dose-limiting toxicity in patients receiving all but the highest tested dose (200mg/kg/day). Four of the 15 patients receiving the maximum tested dose of 200mg/kg/day experienced dose-limiting toxicity, all of which were reversed by decreasing or eliminating the dose given. There were no serious adverse events attributed to Mebendazole at any dose during the trial. 41.7% of patients who received Mebendazole were alive at two years after enrollment, and 25% were alive at four years (Gallia et al., 2021).

The license covers six (6) issued patents and one (1) pending application. In consideration of the rights granted to the Company under the License Agreement, JHU will receive a staggered Upfront License Fee of $250,000. The initial payment for $50,000 was paid and the remaining balance of $200,000 was paid after the Company completed its IPO. The Company will also reimburse JHU for previously incurred and ongoing patent costs. Under the terms of the License Agreement, JHU will be entitled to three and one-half percent (3.5%) royalty on net sales by the Company in which the JHU license was utilized. In addition, the Company is required to pay JHU minimum annual royalty payments of $5,000 for 2023, $10,000 for 2024, $20,000 for 2025, $30,000 for 2026, and $50,000 for 2027 and each year after until the first commercial sale, after which, the annual minimum royalty shall be $250,000. The license agreement also contains milestone payments for clinical development steps through the approval of an NDA and commercialization. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the balance of accrued expense related to this license agreement was $5,000 and $10,000, respectively. The Company assessed whether the license should be capitalized and determined that the licensed program is in the early stage and therefore may not be recoverable; the Company expensed the license fee and will expense development costs until commercial viability is likely.

Johns Hopkins University – Prodrug License

In October 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive, world-wide, royalty-bearing license from JHU and the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB) of the Czech Academy of Sciences for rights to commercialize N-substituted prodrugs of Mebendazole that demonstrate improved solubility and bioavailability. The license covers prodrug compositions and use for treating disease as claimed in multiple US and worldwide patent applications. In consideration for the rights granted to the Company under the License Agreement, JHU and IOCB will receive a staggered upfront license fee of $100,000. The Company will also reimburse JHU and IOCB for previously incurred patent costs. Under the terms of the License Agreement, JHU and IOCB will be entitled to four percent (4.0%) royalty on net sales by the Company in which the JHU and IOCB license was utilized. In addition, the Company is required to pay JHU and IOCB minimum annual royalty payments of $5,000 for 2027, $10,000 for 2028, $20,000 for 2029, $30,000 for 2030, and $50,000 for 2031 and each year after until the first commercial sale, after which, the annual minimum royalty shall be $150,000. The license agreement also contains milestone payments for patent grants, clinical development steps through the approval of an NDA and commercialization. No expenses have been accrued as of any of the periods presented. The Company assessed whether the license should be capitalized and determined that the licensed program is in the early stage and therefore may not be recoverable; the Company expensed the license fee and will expense development costs until commercial viability is likely.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations

References in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations to “us”, “we”, “our” and similar terms refer to the Company. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with (1) our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and (2) our consolidated financial statements, related notes and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2024. This Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “will,” “would” or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Overview

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Nevada in February 2020. Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. is the parent company of Bullfrog AI, Inc. and Bullfrog AI Management, LLC, which were incorporated in Delaware and Maryland, in 2017 and 2021, respectively. Operations are currently conducted through BullFrog AI Holdings, Inc., which began operations on February 6, 2020. We are a company focused specifically on advanced Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI/ML) analysis of complex data in the advancement of medicine. Our founding AI/ML platform (trade name: bfLEAP™) was created from technology originally developed at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU-APL). Subsequently, we have developed new tools and capabilities composed of an ensemble of machine learning and artificial intelligence models.

In February 2018, BullFrog AI Holdings secured the original exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license from JHU-APL. The license covers three (3) issued patents, one (1) new provisional patent application, non-patent rights to proprietary libraries of algorithms and other trade secrets including modifications and improvements. We entered into a license agreement in July 2022 that provides the Company with new intellectual property and also encompasses most of the intellectual property from the February 2018 license. Our objective is to utilize our AI/ML platform with a precision medicine approach toward drug development with biopharmaceutical collaborators, as well as for our own internal clinical development programs. We believe the bfLEAP™ platform is ideally suited for evaluating pre-clinical and clinical trial data generated in translational research and clinical trial settings that lead to faster, less expensive drug approvals.

Our aim is to improve the odds of success in each stage of developing medicine, ranging from early pre-clinical through late-stage clinical development. Our ultimate objective is to utilize bfLEAP™ to enable the success of ongoing clinical trials or rescue late-stage failed drugs (i.e., Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trial failures) for in-house development and divestiture; although, we also consider collaborations for earlier stage drugs.

In July 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license from JHU-APL for the additional technology. The new license provides additional intellectual property rights including patents, copyrights, and knowhow to be utilized under the Company’s bfLEAP™ analytical AI/ML platform. In consideration of the new license, the Company issued to JHU-APL 39,879 shares of common stock. In September 2020 and October 2021, the Company executed amendments to the original license which represents improvements and new advanced analytics capabilities. In consideration of the rights granted to the Company under the original License Agreement, the Company granted JHU 178,571 warrants exercisable to purchase shares of common stock at $2.10 per share. Under the terms of the new License Agreement, JHU will be entitled to eight (8%) percent of net sales for the services provided by the Company to other parties and three (3%) percent for internally developed drug projects in which the JHU license was utilized. The new license also contains tiered sub licensing fees that start at fifty (50%) percent and reduce to twenty-five (25%) percent based on revenues. The Company and JHU-APL entered into Amendment number 1 of the July 2022 License Agreement whereby the Company gained access to certain improvements including additional patents and knowhow in exchange for a series of payments totaling $275,000. The first of these payments for $75,000 was paid in July 2022 and the remaining payments of $75,000, $75,000 and $50,000 are due in years 2024, 2025, and 2026, respectively. The amendment also reduced the 2023 minimum annual royalty payment to $60,000, all other financial terms remain the same. As a result of this Amendment, the minimum annual payments were $30,000 for 2022 and $60,000 for 2023, and the minimum annual payments will be $300,000 for 2024 and beyond, all of which are creditable by royalties.

We intend to continue to evolve and improve bfLEAP™, either in-house or with development partners like JHU-APL. We plan to leverage our proprietary AI/ML platform developed over several years at one of the top innovation institutions in the world which has already been successfully applied in multiple sectors.

We have staffed our business using funds from our initial public offering and have entered into partnerships and relationships and recently completed our first commercial service contract with a leading rare disease non-profit organization for AI/ML analysis of late-stage clinical data. We have also acquired the rights to a series of preclinical and early clinical drug assets from universities, as well as a strategic collaboration with a world-renowned research institution to create a HSV1 viral therapeutic platform to engineer immunotherapies for a variety of diseases. We have signed exclusive worldwide License Agreements with JHU for a cancer drug that targets glioblastoma (brain cancer), pancreatic cancer, and others. We have also signed an exclusive worldwide license from George Washington University for another cancer drug that targets hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) and other liver diseases. In addition, we have signed three-year strategic data and commercialization agreements with the Lieber Institute for Brain Development (“LIBD”) whom we believe has a repository of the largest collection of postmortem brains in the world including molecular, clinical, and other data. The objective of this partnership is for the Company to analyze these rich data sets using its proprietary AI/ML tools and models and then go to market with the discoveries with the ultimate goal of securing multiple revenue generating strategic partnership deals with biopharmaceutical companies. We intend on securing the rights to other proprietary data sets and repeating this strategy. Additionally, we intend to gain access to later-stage clinical assets through partnerships or the acquisition of rights to failed therapeutic candidates for drug rescue. In certain circumstances, we intend to conduct late-stage clinical trials in an effort to rescue therapeutic assets that previously failed. In these cases, there will be a requirement for drug supply and regulatory services to conduct clinical trials. The success of our clinical development programs will require finding partners to support the clinical development, adequate availability of raw materials and/or drug product for our R&D and clinical trials, and, in some cases, may also require establishment of third-party arrangements to obtain finished drug product that is manufactured appropriately under Good Manufacturing Practices, and packaged for clinical use or sale. Since we are a company focused on using our AI technology to advance medicines, any clinical development programs will also require, in all cases, partners and the establishment of third-party relationships for execution and completion of clinical trials.

Since completing our IPO in February 2023, aided by the receipt of the IPO proceeds, we have initiated several initiatives: Investor relations and marketing to promote and raise awareness of the company in the financial and business sectors, research and development, collaboration with the J Craig Venter Institute and, in the quarter ended September 30, 2023, we completed a preclinical study for our Mebendazole prodrug program. The Company is actively engaged in developing and pursuing new intellectual property as it strives to continuously evolve its AI/ML platform. Additionally, the Company has engaged a business development firm specializing in the biopharmaceutical industry to seek and secure a strategic development partner for our Mebendazole program.

Internally, the Company has added incremental staff to accelerate execution, and the development of processes and custom scripts for use in performing new drug target discovery and analytical services for customers, while also launching initiatives targeting large public health data sources and seeking access to proprietary health data sources, such as our agreement with the Lieber Institute for Brain Development. We also transitioned our accounting and financial reporting systems and processes to enhance our internal control environment as a public company. Capital from the IPO was also used to retire two notes that were sold to fund the Company through the IPO that did not convert into common stock as well as other debts accrued over time to our staff, employees and consultants as well as obligations related to the acquisition of our licensed drug programs.

In the first quarter of 2024, we received net proceeds of approximately $5.7 million from an underwritten secondary public offering of common stock and warrants. As of March 31, 2024, the Company has a cash balance of approximately $7.0 million. In the absence of significant revenues in 2024, the Company believes that its capital resources are sufficient to fund planned operations for approximately 12 months from the date of this filing.

Our Strategy

The Company has a unique strategy designed to reduce risk and increase the frequency of cash flow. The first part of the strategy is to generate revenues through strategic relationships with biopharma companies. These relationships will be structured as a combination of fees and intellectual property based on the specific scope of the engagement. The objective of these engagements will be to uncover valuable insights to reduce the risk and/or increase the speed of the drug development process which can be achieved through manual or automated integration into the client’s workflow or analysis of discrete data sets.

In the future, the second part of our strategy involves acquiring the rights to drugs at various stages of development, using our proprietary AI/ML technology to advance the development and make discoveries, with the objective of creating near term value and then exiting and monetizing as quickly as possible, preferably within approximately 30 months.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, as well as related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as those described in our Form 10-K.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

While we generated our first revenues in late 2022 from our services provided to a pharmaceutical customer, in the third quarter of 2023 we completed our first commercial service contract and recognized revenue in the amount of $65,000. We did not generate any revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Research and Development Costs and Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs related to the acquisition of licensed technology, fees paid to external service providers and internal costs for personnel working on research and development activities, including work on our proprietary platform which utilizes bfLEAP™ and an ensemble of AI/ML tools and models.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Estimates are used in determining the expense liability of certain costs where services have been performed but not yet invoiced.

We anticipate our research and development costs continuing to increase as we execute on our business plan and begin conducting preclinical research and development activities directed at securing development partners and filing an Investigational New Drug application for our licensed drug development programs described in this filing, as well as under strategic partnerships and for other drug development programs we may pursue. Further, we anticipate our research and development costs will increase as we add additional staff and perform analytical work aimed at target discovery on proprietary data sets through our partnering efforts as well as with prospective customers.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel related costs, including non-cash stock-based compensation, as well as accounting and consulting services, insurance expense, and legal fees relating to corporate matters. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future to support our target discovery efforts, service offerings, and clinical and pre-clinical research and development activities associated with strategic partnering and collaborations.

Results of Operations - Comparison of Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

	March 31,				Net Change
		2024		2023
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	552,126	$	369,933	$	182,193
General and administrative		1,413,592		820,712		592,880
Total operating expenses	$	1,965,718	$	1,190,645	$	775,073

Research and Development

Our research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased, compared to the same period ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to increased personnel costs due to the hiring of several additional technical staff as well as our Chief Science Officer. In addition, in the first quarter of 2024, we engaged disease experts as area consultants, we expanded our target discovery efforts, and we also initiated a preclinical obesity study related to siRNA program.

General and Administrative

Our general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased, compared to the same period ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to increased personnel costs due to the hiring of several additional staff, as well as associated increases in equity compensation costs and recruiting fees as we work to expand our technical staff and capabilities.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Interest expense decreased $57,008 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the same period ended March 31, 2023, due to the majority of our debt converting or being paid off in the first quarter of 2023. Interest income increased by $46,859 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the same period ended March 31, 2023, due to interest earned on cash held in an overnight sweep account.

Results of Operations

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In 2022, the Company received net proceeds from the sale of Convertible Bridge Notes of approximately $1,016,000 and repaid the unsecured promissory notes sold in 2021 in the amount of $49,000. The Company sold one additional promissory note and received net proceeds of $100,000 in January 2023.

Through March 31, 2024, the Company has an accumulated deficit of approximately $11,675,000 and has funded its operations through the sale of common stock and debt. We anticipate that our expenses will increase in the future to support our target discovery activities, service offerings, clinical and pre-clinical research and development activities associated with strategic partnering and collaborations, as well as acquired product candidates and the increased costs of operating as a public company.

The Company’s current operations include BullFrog AI, Inc. and BullFrog Management, LLC, which are wholly owned subsidiaries of BullFrog AI Holdings, Inc., which is a holding company that depends upon the sale of its securities and cash generated through its subsidiaries to fund consolidated operations.

On February 16, 2023, the Company completed its IPO of 1,297,318 units (each, a “Unit,” collectively, the “Units”) at a price of $6.50 per unit for a total of approximately $8.4 million of gross proceeds to the Company. Each Unit consists of one share of the Company’s common stock, one tradeable warrant (each, a “Tradeable Warrant,” collectively, the “Tradeable Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $7.80 per share, and one non-tradeable warrant (each, a “Non-tradeable Warrant,” collectively, the “Non-tradeable Warrants”; together with the Tradeable Warrants, each, a “Warrant,” collectively, the “Warrants”) to purchase one share of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $8.125. In connection with the IPO, the Company also completed a 1-for-7 reverse stock split of our common stock.

In connection with the IPO, a SAFE and convertible loan agreement held by a related party converted into 55,787 shares of post reverse split common stock. Additionally, all outstanding convertible bridge notes and accrued interest through November 30, 2022 were converted into 276,289 shares of common stock and 276,289 warrants to purchase common stock were issued to the Convertible Bridge Note holders at conversion. The convertible bridge note conversions and the warrant exercise pricing were determined using a $25 million company valuation immediately before the IPO.

Between April 5 and April 13, 2023, the holders of warrants exercised 436,533 warrants for common stock at various exercise prices and the Company received proceeds of approximately $1,495,000.

In the first quarter of 2024, we complete an underwritten secondary offering of common stock and warrants generating approximately $5.7 million of net proceeds.

In the first quarter of 2024, holders exercised warrants (including prefunded warrants from the secondary offering) to purchase 508,814 shares of common stock generating proceeds of approximately $106,000.

In the absence of significant revenues in 2024, management believes the Company’s capital resources are sufficient to fund planned operations for approximately 12 months from the date of this filing.

Consolidated Cash Flow Data

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024			2023			Change
Net cash (used in) provided by
Operating activities	$	(1,901,634	)	$	(2,361,336	)	$	459,702
Investing activities		-			-			-
Financing activities		6,287,621			7,723,187			(1,435,566	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	4,385,987		$	5,361,851		$	(975,864	)

Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased compared to the same period ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to paying down accrued expenses for technology access, consultants, and compensation in 2023, partially offset by increased operating costs in 2024.

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities

There was no cash used in investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.

Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased compared to the same period ended March 31, 2024 primarily due to proceeds from our Initial Public Offering in February 2023 as compared to proceeds from our secondary offering in February 2024.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

As a smaller reporting company, this disclosure is not required.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We are transitioning to and will maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and timely reported as provided in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We will periodically review the design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, including compliance with various laws and regulations that apply to our operations. We will make modifications to improve the design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and may take other corrective action if our reviews identify a need for such modifications or actions. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, we recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and we will apply judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. In addition, the design of any system of controls is also based, in part, upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.