UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒     ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

☐     TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to ___________.

Commission File Number: 1-15288

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware		11-3027591
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

65 Locust Avenue, Third Floor           New Canaan, Connecticut 06840
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (203) 920-1055

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock $.01 par value	NTIP	NYSE American

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock, $.01 par value

(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☐    No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☒
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in this filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D.1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes ☐    No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold as of June 30, 2025 was approximately $ 18,790,004 based on the closing price as reported on NYSE American Exchange. Shares of voting stock held by each officer and director and by each person, who as of June 30, 2025, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second quarter, may be deemed to have beneficially owned more than 10% of the voting stock have been excluded. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination of affiliate status for any other purpose.

The number of shares outstanding of Registrant's common stock as of March 9, 2026 was 22,793,308.

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NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

2025 FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

PART I

Item 1.       Business	2
Item 1A. Risk Factors	9
Item 1B.   Unresolved Staff Comments	18
Item 1C.   Cybersecurity	18
Item 2.     Properties	18
Item 3.      Legal Proceedings	19
Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures	20
PART II
Item 5.     Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	21
Item 6.      (Reserved)	23
Item 7.     Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	29
Item 8.      Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	29
Item 9.     Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	29
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures	29
Item 9B.   Other Information	30
Item 9C.   Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	30
PART III
Item 10.     Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	31
Item 11.    Executive Compensation	36
Item 12.  Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	41
Item 13.   Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	43
Item 14.   Principal Accountant Fees and Services	43
PART IV
Item 15.    Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	45
Item 16.    10-K Summary	47
Signatures	48

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PART I

Forward-looking statements:

THIS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K CONTAINS STATEMENTS ABOUT FUTURE EVENTS AND EXPECTATIONS WHICH ARE “FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS”. ANY STATEMENT IN THIS 10-K THAT IS NOT A STATEMENT OF HISTORICAL FACT MAY BE DEEMED TO BE A FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENT WITHIN THE MEANING OF SECTION 27A OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR SECTION 21E OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS PROVIDE CURRENT EXPECTATIONS OF FUTURE EVENTS BASED ON CERTAIN ASSUMPTIONS AND INCLUDE ANY STATEMENT THAT DOES NOT DIRECTLY RELATE TO ANY HISTORICAL OR CURRENT FACT. STATEMENTS CONTAINING SUCH WORDS AS “MAY,” “WILL,” “EXPECT,” “BELIEVE,” “ANTICIPATE,” “INTEND,” “COULD,” “ESTIMATE,” “CONTINUE” OR “PLAN” AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS OR VARIATIONS ARE INTENDED TO IDENTIFY FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS. THESE STATEMENTS ARE BASED ON THE BELIEFS AND ASSUMPTIONS OF OUR MANAGEMENT BASED ON INFORMATION CURRENTLY AVAILABLE TO MANAGEMENT. SUCH FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS ARE SUBJECT TO CURRENT RISKS, UNCERTAINTIES AND ASSUMPTIONS RELATED TO VARIOUS FACTORS SET FORTH IN THIS REPORT AND IN OTHER FILINGS MADE BY US WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION. BASED UPON CHANGING CONDITIONS, SHOULD ANY ONE OR MORE OF THESE RISKS OR UNCERTAINTIES MATERIALIZE, INCLUDING THOSE DISCUSSED AS “RISK FACTORS” IN ITEM 1A AND ELSEWHERE IN THIS REPORT, OR SHOULD ANY OF OUR UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS PROVE INCORRECT, ACTUAL RESULTS MAY VARY MATERIALLY FROM THOSE DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT. WE UNDERTAKE NO OBLIGATION TO UPDATE, AND WE DO NOT HAVE A POLICY OF UPDATING OR REVISING THESE FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS. READERS ARE CAUTIONED NOT TO PLACE UNDUE RELIANCE ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS, WHICH SPEAK ONLY AS OF THE DATE THE STATEMENT WAS MADE. UNLESS THE CONTEXT OTHERWISE REQUIRES, THE TERMS “NETWORK-1”, “COMPANY”, “WE”, “OUR”, AND “US” MEAN NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND ITS WHOLLY-OWNED SUBSIDIARIES, MIRROR WORLDS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC AND HFT SOLUTIONS, LLC.

ITEM 1.

    BUSINESS

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patent portfolio covering certain advanced technologies relating to high frequency trading, which inventions specifically address technological problems associated with speed and latency and provide critical latency gains in trading systems. (“HFT Patent Portfolio”); and (iii) our Cox patent portfolio relating to enabling technology for identifying media content on the Internet and taking further action to be performed after such identification (“Cox Patent Portfolio”); (iv) our smart home patent portfolio relating to, among other things, the enabling technology to support the interoperability of smart home IoT devices (“Smart Home Patent Portfolio; (v) our Remote Power Patent covering the delivery of power over Ethernet (PoE) cables for the purpose of remotely powering network devices, such as wireless access ports, IP phones and network based cameras; and (vi) our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio relating to foundational technologies that enable unified search and indexing, displaying and archiving of documents in a computer system. We no longer intend to monetize our Remote Power Patent and Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio as such patents have expired.

We have invested $7,000,000 in ILiAD Biotechnologies, Inc. (“ILiAD”), a clinical stage biotechnology company dedicated to the prevention and treatment of human disease caused by Bordetella pertussis with a focus on validating its proprietary intranasal vaccine, BPZE1, for the prevention of pertussis (whooping cough). On December 31, 2025, we owned approximately 6.4% of the outstanding units of ILiAD on a non-fully diluted basis and approximately 4.8% of the outstanding units on a fully diluted basis (see “Business- Investment in ILiAD Biotechnologies).

Our current strategy includes continuing our efforts to monetize our intellectual property. In addition, we continue to seek to acquire additional intellectual property assets to develop, commercialize, license or otherwise monetize. Our strategy includes working with inventors and patent owners to assist in the development and monetization of their patented technologies. Our patent acquisition and development strategy is to focus on acquiring high quality patents which management believes have the potential to generate significant licensing opportunities as we have previously achieved with respect to our Remote Power Patent and our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio. In addition, we may also enter into strategic relationships with third parties to develop, commercialize, license or otherwise monetize their intellectual property.

In the past we have been dependent upon our Remote Power Patent for a significant portion of our revenue. Our Remote Power Patent generated revenue in excess of $188,000,000 from May 2007 through December 31, 2025. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, our Remote Power Patent generated all of our revenue. We are no longer enforcing our Remote Power Patent. Our future revenue is dependent on our ability to monetize our other patent assets.

We have pending litigations involving our assertion of infringement claims concerning certain patents within our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio and HFT Patent Portfolio. In addition, we have a pending appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit of a District Court’s judgment of non-infringement dismissing our case against Google and YouTube involving certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at pages 19-20 of this Annual Report).

At December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $36,869,000 and working capital of $36,336,000. Based on our current cash position, we believe that we will have sufficient cash to fund our operations for the foreseeable future.

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Overview of Our Patents

We are currently developing patents within our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio, HFT Patent Portfolio and Smart Home Patent Portfolio. In addition, we are currently monetizing certain patents within our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio, HFT Patent Portfolio and Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at pages 19-20 hereof).

M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio

Our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio, acquired in December 2017 from M2M and IoT Technologies, LLC (“M2M”), relates to, among other things, enabling technology for authenticating and using eSIM (embedded Subscriber Identification Module) technology in IoT, Machine-to-Machine and other mobile devices including smartphones, tablets and computers, as well as automobiles. The M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio currently consists of forty-five (45) issued U.S. patents, five (5) pending U.S. patent applications, and fourteen (14) registered foreign patents. Since we acquired the M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio in December 2017, we have been issued thirty-three (33) additional U.S. patents with respect to the portfolio. We anticipate further issuances of additional claims for this portfolio. The expiration dates of the forty-five (45) issued U.S. patents currently within our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio range from September 2033 to May 2034. The expiration dates of the fourteen (14) foreign patents currently within our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio range from October 2034 - December 2034.

We have an obligation to pay M2M 14% of the first $100 million of net proceeds (after deduction of expenses) and 5% of net proceeds greater than $100 million from Monetization Activities (as defined) related to our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio. In addition, M2M will be entitled to receive from us $250,000 of additional consideration upon the occurrence of certain future events related to the patent portfolio.

John Nix, the Managing Member of M2M, provides consulting services to us with respect to our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio. Mr. Nix is an entrepreneur and inventor, and founder and former Chief Executive Officer of Vobal Technologies, LLC. In 2016, Mr. Nix was recognized as “Creator of the Year” by the Intellectual Property Law Association of Chicago for his intellectual property related to eSIM technology.

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HFT Patent Portfolio

On March 25, 2022, we acquired the HFT Patent Portfolio. This portfolio covers certain advanced technologies relating to high frequency trading, which inventions specifically address technological problems associated with speed and latency and provide critical latency gains in trading systems. The HFT Patent Portfolio currently includes eleven (11) issued U.S. patents and two pending U.S. patents. The expiration dates within our HFT Patent Portfolio range from October 2039 to February 2040.

In addition to the purchase price that we paid at closing, we have an obligation to pay the seller an additional cash payment of $500,000 and $375,000 of our common stock contingent upon achieving certain milestones with respect to the HFT Patent Portfolio. We also have an obligation to pay the seller 15% of the first $50 million of net proceeds (after deduction of expenses) generated from the patent portfolio and 17.5% of net proceeds greater than $50 million.

Cox Patent Portfolio

Our Cox Patent Portfolio, acquired from Dr. Ingemar Cox in February 2013, currently consists of thirty-nine (39) U.S. patents relating to enabling technology for identifying media content on the Internet, such as audio and video, and taking further actions to be performed based on such identification. All of the patents within our Cox patent portfolio have expired. We have a pending appeal to the Federal Circuit of a District Court ruling dismissing our case against Google Inc. and YouTube, LLC involving assertion of certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at pages 19-20 hereof). The patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio are based on a patent application filed in 2000. Since the acquisition of the Cox Patent Portfolio in February 2013, we have been issued thirty-four (34) additional patents relating to this portfolio. The claims in these thirty-four (34) additional patents are generally directed towards systems of content identification and performing actions following therefrom.

We are obligated to pay Dr. Cox 12.5% of the net proceeds generated by us from licensing, sale or enforcement of the Cox Patent Portfolio. Dr. Cox provides consulting services to us with respect to the Cox Patent Portfolio and assists our efforts to develop the patent portfolio.

Dr. Cox is currently a Professor at the University of Copenhagen and University College London where he is head of its Information and Decision Systems Group. He is also Director of the EPSRC Digital Health Hub for AMR (Antimicrobial resistance). Dr. Cox was formerly a member of the Technical Staff at AT&T Bell Labs and a Fellow at NEC Research Institute. He is a Fellow of the ACM, IEEE, the IET (formerly IEE), and the British Computer Society and is a member of the UK Computing Research Committee. In 2019, Dr. Cox was the recipient of the Tony Kent Strix Award in recognition of his contribution to the field of information retrieval. He was founding co-editor in chief of the IEE Proc. on Information Security and was an associate editor of the IEEE Trans. on Information Forensics and Security. He is co-author of a book entitled “Digital Watermarking” and its second edition “Digital Watermarking and Steganography”. He is an inventor or co-inventor of over seventy (70) U.S. patents.

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Smart Home Patent Portfolio

Our Smart Home Patent Portfolio, acquired in March 2025, relates to, among other things, enabling technology to support the interoperability of smart home IoT devices. Our Smart Home Patent Portfolio currently consists of nine issued U.S. patents, four pending U.S. Patents and one registered foreign patent and five pending foreign patents. The expiration dates within our HFT Patent Portfolio range from October 2039 to February 2040.

We are obligated to pay the seller 12.5% of the first $100 million of net proceeds (after the deduction of expenses) and 5% of the net proceeds in excess of $100 million from Monetization Activities (as defined) related to the patent portfolio. In addition, we are obligated to pay the seller $50,000 upon certain events.

Network-1 Strategy

Our strategy is to capitalize on our intellectual property assets by entering into licensing arrangements with third parties that utilize our intellectual property's proprietary technologies as well as any additional proprietary technologies covered by patents which may be acquired by us in the future. Our current patent acquisition and development strategy is to focus on acquiring high quality patents which management believes have the potential to generate significant licensing opportunities as we have achieved with our Remote Power Patent and Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio. We no longer intend to enforce our Remote Power Patent and Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio as all such patents have expired. Our revenue is dependent on our ability to monetize our other patent portfolios. In addition, we may enter into third party strategic relationships with inventors and patent owners to assist in the development and monetization of their patent technologies. Based on our cash position, we review opportunities to acquire additional intellectual property as well as evaluate other strategic alternatives.

In connection with our activities relating to the protection of our intellectual property assets, or the intellectual property assets of third parties with whom we may have strategic relationships in the future, it may be necessary to assert patent infringement claims against third parties whom we believe are infringing our patents or those of our strategic partners. We are currently involved in several litigations to protect our patents including certain patents within our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio and HFT Patent Portfolio as well as an appeal to the Federal Circuit of a District Court dismissal involving certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at pages 19-20 (hereof).

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Revenue Concentration

Revenue from our Remote Power Patent as a result of a litigation settlement constituted 100% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025. We anticipate that our future revenue will continue to be derived from a few parties.

Competition

With respect to our ability to acquire additional intellectual property assets or enter into strategic relationships with third parties to monetize their intellectual property assets, we face considerable competition from other companies, many of which have significantly greater financial and other resources than we have. The patent licensing and enforcement industry has grown and there has been a material increase in the number of companies seeking to acquire intellectual property assets from third parties or to provide financing to third parties seeking to monetize their intellectual property. Entities including, among others, Acacia Research Corporation (NASDAQ:ACTG), Intellectual Ventures, WI-LAN Inc., and RPX Corporation, seek to acquire intellectual property or partner with third parties to license or enforce intellectual property rights. In addition, we also compete with strategic corporate buyers with respect to the acquisition of intellectual property assets. It is expected that others will enter this market as well. Many of these competitors have significantly greater financial and human resources than us.

We may also compete with litigation funding firms such as Burford Capital Limited, Validity Finance, LLC, Fortress Investment Group, LLC, Parabellum Capital LLC and Bentham Capital LLC, venture capital firms and hedge funds for intellectual property acquisitions and licensing opportunities. Many of these competitors also have greater financial resources and human resources than us.

Regulatory Environment

If new legislation, regulations or rules are implemented either by Congress, the USPTO or the courts that impact the patent application process, the patent enforcement process or the rights of patent holders, these changes could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Certain legislation, regulations, and rulings by the courts and actions by the USPTO have materially increased the risk and cost of enforcement of patents. U.S. patent laws were amended by the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, referred to as the “America Invents Act”, which became effective on March 16, 2013. The America Invents Act included a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. In general, it addressed issues surrounding the enforceability of patents and the increase in patent litigation by, among other things, establishing new procedures for patent litigation and new administrative post-grant review procedures to challenge the patentability of issued patents outside of litigation, including Inter Partes Review (IPR) proceedings which provide third parties a timely and cost effective alternative to district court litigation to challenge the validity of an issued patent. The America Invents Act and its implementation increased the uncertainties and costs surrounding the enforcement of patent rights has made it more difficult to successfully enforce our patents.

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In addition, future changes in patent law could adversely impact our business. Such changes may not be advantageous to us and may make it more difficult to obtain adequate patent protection to enforce our patents. Increased focus on the growing number of patent lawsuits, particularly by non-practicing entities (NPEs), may result in legislative changes which increase the risk and costs of asserting patent litigation.

Investment in ILiAD Biotechnologies

During the period December 2018 to date, we made aggregate investments of $7,000,000 in ILiAD, a privately held clinical stage biotechnology company dedicated to the prevention and treatment of human disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. ILiAD is focused on validating its proprietary intranasal vaccine, BPZE1, for the prevention of pertussis (whooping cough). Pertussis is a life-threatening disease caused by the highly contagious respiratory bacterium Bordetella pertussis. On December 31, 2025, we owned approximately 6.4% of the outstanding units of ILiAD on a non-fully diluted basis and approximately 4.8% of the outstanding units on a fully diluted basis. In connection with our investment, Corey Horowitz, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, became a member of ILiAD’s Board of Managers and received the same compensation for service on the Board as the other non-management Board members. Following ILiAD’s completion of a preferred stock financing in February 2026, Mr. Horowitz no longer serves on the Board.

BPZE1 was developed in the laboratory of Camille Locht, PhD, at the Institut Pasteur de Lille (IPL) and French National Institute of Health and Medical research. BPZE1 is a live-attenuated intranasal vaccine designed to overcome deficiencies of current pertussis vaccines, including poor durability of protection and failure to prevent nasopharyngeal Bordetella pertussis infections that lead to escape mutants and transmission to vulnerable infants. On February 5, 2026, ILiAD completed a $115,000,000 preferred stock financing. The financing was led by RA Capital Management with participation from new investors Janus Henderson Investors and BNP Paribas Asset Management Alts, as well as existing investors including a multi-national pharmaceutical company and AI Life Sciences. Following the closing of the financing, we owned approximately 3.1% of the outstanding shares on a non-fully diluted basis and approximately 2.5% of the outstanding shares on a fully diluted basis (see Note O to our consolidated financial statements included herein).

Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in July 1990. Our principal executive offices are located at 65 Locust Avenue, Third Floor, New Canaan, Connecticut 06840 and our telephone number is (203) 920-1055.

Available Information

We file or furnish various reports, such as registration statements, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other materials with the SEC. Our website address is www.network-1.com. You may obtain, free of charge on our website, copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, Section 16 filings and amendments to those reports or statements filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The information we post on our website is intended for reference purposes only; none of the information posted on our website is part of this Annual Report or incorporated by reference herein.

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In addition to the materials that are posted on our website, you may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and other information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the SEC’s website is http://www.sec.gov.

Employees and Consultants

We currently have two full-time employees and two consultants providing monthly services to us.

ITEM 1A.

RISK FACTORS

Our operations and financial results are subject to various material risks and uncertainties, including those described below, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and the trading price of our common stock. You should carefully consider the material risks and uncertainties described below in addition to the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including, but not limited to, the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The material risks described below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks that we do not know of or that we currently believe are immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could be materially adversely affected, and the trading price of our common stock could decline significantly.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our revenue is uncertain as it is dependent upon litigation outcomes involving our patents which we cannot predict.

Our revenue is dependent upon our litigation outcomes. We currently have pending patent infringement litigations involving our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio and HFT Patent Portfolio as well as a pending appeal of dismissal of litigation involving our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at pages 19-20 hereof). Patent litigation is inherently risky and uncertain and we cannot assure you that any of our current or future litigation will result in a favorable outcome for us. Accordingly, our revenue is uncertain.

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If we are unable to protect our patents, our business would be negatively impacted.

We believe our patents are valid, enforceable and valuable. Despite this belief, third parties typically defend assertion of our patents by asserting defenses, among others, of non-infringement and invalidity. In addition, certain of our patents may become subject to USPTO post-grant inter partes review proceedings (IPRs) which could result in all or a part of our patents being invalidated or the claims being limited. Unfavorable outcomes in our litigation or IPRs may reduce our ability to enforce our patents or have other adverse consequences. If we are unable to protect our patents or otherwise realize value for them, our business, financial condition and operating results would be negatively impacted.

We may not achieve successful outcomes of litigations involving our HFT Patent Portfolio or M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio, which would have a material negative impact on our ability to achieve significant revenue and net income in the future.

On December 26, 2024, we commenced patent litigations against Citadel Securities, LLC and Jump Trading, LLC in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois for infringement of certain patents within our HFT Patent Portfolio. On September 8, 2025, we commenced patent litigation against Optiver US LLC and Optiver Trading US LLC in the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas also for infringement of certain patents within our HFT Patent Portfolio. On June 27, 2025, we commenced patent litigation against Samsung Electronics Co., LTD and Samsung Electronics America, Inc. in the United Stated District Court for the Eastern District of Texas for infringement of certain patents within our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio (see Legal Proceedings at page 19 hereof). We may not achieve successful outcomes in these patent litigations involving our HFT Patent Portfolio and M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio which would have a material negative impact on our ability to achieve significant revenue and net income in the future.

The outcome of our substantial investment in ILiAD is uncertain.

We have invested $7,000,000 in ILiAD, a privately held clinical stage biotechnology company, with focus on validating its proprietary intranasal vaccine (BPZE1) for the prevention of pertussis (whopping cough). ILiAD faces material risks going forward. Accordingly, our investment in ILiAD remains subject to substantial risks (see Note H to our consolidated financial statements included herein).

We have been dependent upon our Remote Power Patent for a significant portion of our revenue in the past and we may not be able to generate future revenue from our other patents.

Our Remote Power Patent has generated revenue for us in excess of $188,000,000 from May 2007 through December 31, 2025. Revenue from our Remote Power Patent constituted 100% of our revenue for 2025 ($150,000), 2024 ($100,000) and 2023 ($2,601,000) We no longer intend to enforce our Remote Power patent which expired in March 2020. Our revenue is dependent on our ability to successfully monetize our other patent portfolios. Our failure to successfully monetize our other patent portfolios would have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.

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We may not be able to capitalize in the future on our strategy to acquire high quality patents with significant licensing opportunities or enter into strategic relationships with third parties to license or otherwise monetize their intellectual property.

Based upon the success we achieved from licensing our Remote Power Patent (twenty-eight (28) license agreements and in excess of $188,000,000 of revenue through December 31, 2025), the revenue we generated from our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio ($47,150,000), establishing a patent portfolio currently consisting of one hundred nineteen (119) U.S. patents and fifteen (15) foreign patents, and our cash position, we believe we have the expertise and sufficient capital to compete in the patent monetization market and to enter strategic relationships with third parties to develop, commercialize, license or otherwise monetize their patents. Our strategy is to focus on acquiring high quality patent assets which management believes have the potential for significant licensing opportunities. However, we may not be able to acquire such additional high quality patents or, if acquired, we may not achieve material revenue or profit from such patents. Acquisitions of patent assets are competitive, time consuming, complex and costly to consummate. High quality patents with significant licensing opportunities are difficult to find and are often very competitive to acquire. In addition, such acquisitions present material risks. Even if we acquire such additional patent assets, we may not be able to achieve significant licensing revenue or even generate sufficient revenue related to such patent assets to offset the acquisition costs and the legal fees and expenses which may be incurred to enforce, license or otherwise monetize such patents. In addition, we may not be able to enter into strategic relationships with third parties to license or otherwise monetize their intellectual property and, even if we consummate such strategic relationships, we may not achieve material revenue or profit from such relationships.

The patent monetization cycle is long, costly and unpredictable.

There is generally a significant time lag between acquiring a patent portfolio and recognizing revenue from those patent assets. During this time lag, significant costs are likely to be incurred which may have a negative impact on our results of operations, cash flow and financial position. Furthermore, the outcome of our efforts to monetize our patents is uncertain and we may not be successful.

Our quarterly and annual operating and financial results, including our revenue, are difficult to predict and are likely to fluctuate significantly in future periods.

Our quarterly and annual operating and financial results are difficult to predict and may fluctuate significantly from period to period. Our revenue, net income and results of operations may widely fluctuate, including years where we may have no revenue, as a result of a variety of factors that are outside our control, including the timing and our ability to achieve successful outcomes from current and future patent litigation, our ability and timing in consummating future license agreements for our intellectual property assets, the timing and extent of payments received by us from licensees, whether we will achieve a successful outcome of our investment in ILiAD, and the timing and our ability to achieve revenue from future strategic relationships.

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In the future we could be classified as a Personal Holding Company resulting in a 20% tax on our PHC Income that we do not distribute to our shareholders.

The personal holding company (“PHC”) rules under the Internal Revenue Code impose a 20% tax on a PHC’s undistributed personal holding company income (“UPHCI”), which means, in general, taxable income subject to certain adjustments and reduced by certain distributions to shareholders. For a corporation to be classified as a PHC, it must satisfy two tests: (1) that more than 50% in value of its outstanding shares must be owned directly or indirectly by five or fewer individuals at any time during the second half of the year (after applying constructive ownership rules to attribute stock owned by entities to their beneficial owners and among certain family members and other related parties) (the “Ownership Test”) and (2) at least 60% of its adjusted ordinary gross income for a taxable year consists of dividends, interest, royalties, annuities and rents (the “Income Test”). During the second half of 2025, based on available information concerning our shareholder ownership, we did not satisfy the Ownership Test. In addition, we did not satisfy the Income Test for 2025. Thus, we were not a PHC for 2025. However, we may be determined to be a PHC in the future. If we were determined to be a PHC in 2026 or any future year, we would be subject to an additional 20% tax on our UPHCI. In such event, we may issue a special cash dividend to our shareholders in an amount equal to the UPHCI rather than incur the 20% tax.

We are dependent upon our CEO and Chairman.

Our success is largely dependent upon the personal efforts of Corey M. Horowitz, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our Board of Directors. On March 22, 2022, we entered into a four year employment agreement with Mr. Horowitz pursuant to which he has continued to serve as our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The loss of the services of Mr. Horowitz would have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. We do not maintain key-man life insurance on the life of Mr. Horowitz. The Company and Mr. Horowitz are in discussions to extend his employment agreement.

Cash dividends may not be continued to be paid.

Our dividend policy consists of semi-annual cash dividends of $0.05 per share ($0.10 per share annually) which have been paid in March and September of each year. We have paid such semi-annual dividends since our dividend policy was enacted in December 2016. At this time, we anticipate continuing to pay dividends consistent with our policy. However, our dividend policy undergoes a periodic review by our Board of Directors and is subject to change at any time depending upon our earnings, financial requirements and other factors existing at the time. We may not be in a position to continue to pay dividends in the future.

-12-

Legislation, regulations, court rulings and actions by the USPTO have materially increased the risk and cost of enforcement of patents and may continue to do so in the future.

Legislation, regulations, court rulings and actions by the USPTO have materially increased the risk and cost of enforcing patents. U.S. patent laws were amended by the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, referred to as the America Invents Act, which became effective on March 16, 2013. The America Invents Act included a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. In general, it addressed issues surrounding the enforceability of patents and the increase in patent litigation by, among other things, establishing new procedures for patent litigation and new administrative post-grant review procedures to challenge the patentability of issued patents outside of litigation, including Inter Partes Review (IPR) proceedings, which provide third parties a timely, cost effective alternative to district court litigation to challenge the validity of an issued patent. In addition, the America Invents Act changed the way that parties may be joined in patent infringement actions, and increased the likelihood that such actions will need to be brought against individual parties allegedly infringing by their respective individual actions or activities. The America Invents Act and its implementation also increased the uncertainties and costs surrounding the enforcement of patent rights, which have made it more difficult to successfully prosecute our patents.

The increasing development of artificial intelligence could impact our business.

Our patents are central to our business strategy of licensing our intellectual property rights or enforcing such rights against those that we believe are infringing. However, rapid advancements in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have the potential to impact our current business model in various ways. AI technologies are increasingly capable of developing solutions that either design around existing patents or create alternative technologies that may not infringe our intellectual property. Furthermore, the proliferation of AI may lead to the emergence of new market participants with innovative solutions that challenge our patents' validity or enforceability. Such challenges could result in lengthy legal battles or the invalidation of our patents, thereby impacting our potential future revenue.

AI driven legal analytics tools can also empower potential infringers with sophisticated insights into the strengths and weaknesses of our patent claims, potentially reducing our leverage in litigation and licensing negotiations. Investors are advised that our financial results could be adversely affected if we are unable to adapt to the rapid changes brought about by AI and ML technologies, and our ability to enforce our patent rights is consequently diminished.

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Changes in patent law could adversely impact our business.

Patent laws may continue to change and may alter the protections afforded to owners of patent rights. Such changes may not be advantageous to us and may make it more difficult to obtain adequate patent protection to enforce our patents. Increased focus on the growing number of patent lawsuits, particularly by non-practicing entities (NPEs), may result in further legislative changes which increase the risk and costs of asserting patent litigation.

Our pending patent infringement litigations are time consuming and costly.

We have pending litigations involving our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio and HFT Patent Portfolio and a pending appeal to the Federal Circuit of dismissal of our litigation against Google and YouTube involving certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at pages 19-20 of this Annual Report). While we have contingent legal fee arrangements with our patent litigation counsel in each litigation, except for proceedings at the USPTO which are on a fixed fee basis, we are responsible for all or a portion of the expenses which are anticipated to be material. In addition, the time and effort required of our management to effectively pursue these litigations is likely to be significant and it may adversely affect other business opportunities.

We face intense competition to acquire intellectual property and enter into strategic relationships.

With respect to our ability to acquire additional intellectual property or enter into strategic relationships with third parties to monetize their intellectual property, we face considerable competition from other companies, many of which have significantly greater financial and other resources than we have. We face a number of competitors in the patent licensing and enforcement business seeking to acquire intellectual property rights from third parties. Many of these competitors have significantly more financial and human resources than us.

We may also compete with strategic corporate buyers, litigation funding firms, venture capital firms and hedge funds for intellectual property acquisitions and licensing opportunities. Many of these competitors also have greater financial resources and human resources than us.

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Our markets are subject to rapid technological change and our technologies face potential technology obsolescence.

The markets covered by our intellectual property are characterized by rapid technological changes, changing customer requirements, frequent new product introductions and enhancements, and evolving industry standards. The introduction of products embodying new technologies and the emergence of new industry standards may render our technologies obsolete or less marketable.

In addition, other companies may develop competing technologies that offer better or less expensive alternatives to the technologies covered by our intellectual property. Moreover, technological advances or entirely different approaches developed by other companies or adopted by various standards groups could render our patents obsolete, less marketable or unenforceable.

The burdens of being a public company may adversely affect us including our ability to pursue litigation.

As a public company, our management must devote substantial time, attention and financial resources to comply with U.S. securities laws. This may have a material adverse effect on management's ability to effectively and efficiently pursue its business. In addition, our disclosure obligations under U.S. securities laws require us to disclose information publicly that will be available to litigation opponents. We may, from time to time, be required to disclose information that may have a material adverse effect on our litigation strategies. This information may enable our litigation opponents to develop effective litigation strategies that are contrary to our interests.

General Risk Factors

Investors may have limited influence on stockholder decisions because ownership of our common stock is concentrated.

As of February 15, 2026, our executive officers and directors beneficially owned 32.6% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, these stockholders may be able to exercise substantial control over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets. This concentration of ownership will limit other stockholders' ability to influence corporate matters and may have the effect of delaying or preventing a third party from acquiring control over us.

Our common stock may be delisted from the NYSE American exchange if we fail to comply with continued listing standards.

Our common stock is currently traded on the NYSE American exchange under the symbol “NTIP”. If we fail to meet any of the continued listing standards of the NYSE American exchange, our common stock could be delisted. Such delisting could adversely affect the price and trading (including liquidity) of our common stock.

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There are inherent uncertainties involved in estimates, judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Any changes in estimates, judgments and assumptions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States involves making estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets (including intangible assets), liabilities and related reserves, revenues, expenses, and income. Estimates, judgments, and assumptions are inherently subject to change in the future, and any such changes could result in corresponding changes to the amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses, and income. Any such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Provisions in our corporate charter, by-laws and in Delaware law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, discourage a takeover and adversely affect existing stockholders.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the Board of Directors to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The preferred stock may be issued in one or more series, the terms of which may be determined at the time of issuance by our Board of Directors, without further action by stockholders, and may include, among other things, voting rights (including the right to vote as a series on particular matters), preferences as to dividends and liquidation, conversion and redemption rights, and sinking fund provisions, any of which could adversely affect holders of our common stock. Although there are currently no shares of preferred stock outstanding, future holders of preferred stock may have rights superior to our common stock and such rights could also be used to restrict our ability to merge with or sell our assets to third parties.

We are also subject to the “anti-takeover” provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which could prevent us from engaging in a “business combination” with a 15% or greater stockholder for a period of three years from the date such person acquired that status unless appropriate board or stockholder approvals are obtained.

In addition, our By-laws contain advance notice requirements for director nominations and for new business to be brought up at stockholder meetings. Stockholders wishing to submit director nominations or raise matters to a vote of stockholders must provide notice to us within specified date windows and in very specific forms in order to have that matter voted on at a stockholders meeting.

The aforementioned provisions could deter unsolicited takeovers or delay or prevent changes in our control or management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over the then current market price. These provisions may also limit the ability of stockholders to delay, deter or prevent a change of control, or approve transactions that they may deem to be in their best interests.

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Our stock price may be volatile.

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and could fluctuate widely in price in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to, the following:

•

the outcome of our litigations against Citadel Securities, LLC, Jump Trading, LLC and Optiver US, LLC and Optiver Trading US, LLC involving certain patents within our HFT Patent Portfolio;

•

the outcome of our litigation against Samsung Electronics Co., LTD and Samsung Electronics America, Inc. involving certain patents within our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio;

•

the outcome of our appeal to the Federal Circuit of the District Court dismissal of our litigation against Google and YouTube involving certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio;

•

our ability to achieve a successful outcome of our investment in ILiAD;

•

our ability to acquire additional intellectual property;

•

our ability to enter into strategic relationships with third parties to license or otherwise monetize their intellectual property;

•

variations in our quarterly and annual operating results;

•

our ability to continue to pay cash dividends;

•

our ability to raise capital if needed;

•

sales of our common stock;

•

technology changes;

•

the increasing development of artificial intelligence could impact our business;

•

legislative, regulatory and competitive developments; and

•

economic and other external factors.

In addition, the securities markets have from time-to-time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also have a material and adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

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ITEM 1B.

UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C.

CYBERSECURITY

Based on our small size (two employees and two consultants), we rely extensively on information technology systems managed by third party major service providers to securely process, store and transmit our data to conduct business. Our employees and consultants utilize end point security tools, such as firewalls and anti-virus protection, to protect our data. We have implemented overall risk procedures which incorporate certain uniform processes. To date, we have not engaged any consultants, auditors or other third parties in connection with our risk management system or processes.

In connection with our use of third-party service providers, we have certain processes in place to oversee and identify cybersecurity risks from threats and incidents. To date, we have not been materially impacted by risks from cybersecurity threats or incidents and we are not aware of cybersecurity threats or incidents that are reasonably likely to materially affect our business. However, there could be cybersecurity threats or incidents in the future that may adversely affect our business.

Our Executive Vice President oversees risks of cybersecurity threats and reports quarterly, and as necessary, to the Board of Directors, including promptly reporting any cybersecurity incidents that may pose a significant risk to us. Our Executive Vice President has over ten years of experience with developers of access management, network security and data protection solutions.

ITEM 2.

PROPERTIES

Our principal executive offices are located in New Canaan, Connecticut, where we lease approximately 2,000 square feet of office space at a base rent of $5,500 per month. The lease expires on April 30, 2026. We believe that our office facility is suitable and appropriate to support our current needs.

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ITEM 3.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio Litigation

On June 27, 2025, we commenced patent litigation against Samsung Electronics Co., LTD and Samsung Electronics America, Inc.(collectively, “Samsung”) in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 11,233,780, U.S. Patent No.11,916,893, U.S. Patent No.12,207,094, U.S. Patent No. 12,166,869, U.S. Patent No.11,606,204, and U.S. Patent No.11,973,864. All such patents are part of our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio. The lawsuit alleges that Samsung infringes the asserted patents by supporting certain eSIM (embedded Subscriber Identification Module) and 5G technologies in its mobile devices, including its Galaxy smartphones, watches and tablets. The parties are conducting discovery. A trial date has been scheduled for June 7, 2027.

HFT Patent Portfolio Litigation

On December 24, 2024, our wholly-owned subsidiary, HFT Solutions, LLC (“HFT”), initiated patent litigations against Citadel Securities, LLC and Jump Trading, LLC in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 10,931,286, U.S. Patent No. 11,128,305, and U.S. Patent No. 11,575,381. All such patents are part of our HFT Patent Portfolio. In the Citadel action, on April 7, 2025, the defendant Citadel filed a motion to dismiss under 35 U.S.C. § 101, asserting that the asserted patents are directed to patent-ineligible subject matter. On December 1, 2025, the Court denied Citadel’s motion to dismiss. On January 5, 2026, Citadel filed its answer asserting defenses of non-infringement, patent invalidity and counterclaims for the same. In the Jump Trading action, on April 7, 2025, defendant filed an answer and counterclaims of non-infringement and invalidity of the asserted patents.

On September 8, 2025, we commenced patent litigation on behalf of HFT against Optiver US LLC and Optiver Trading US LLC in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, also for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 10,931,286, U.S. Patent No.11,128,305 and U. S. No.11,575,381. On November 21, 2025, the Optiver defendants filed their answer and counterclaims of non-infringement and invalidity of the asserted patents. A trial date has been scheduled for June 7, 2027.

Cox Patent Portfolio Litigation

On April 4, 2014 and December 3, 2014, we initiated litigation against Google Inc. (“Google”) and YouTube, LLC (“YouTube”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for infringement of several of our patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio which relate to the identification of media content on the Internet. The lawsuit alleged that Google and YouTube had infringed and continued to infringe certain of our patents by making, using, selling and offering to sell unlicensed systems and related products and services, which included YouTube’s Content ID system.

In April 2024, following a motion for summary judgment by the defendants, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York issued a judgment dismissing our patent infringement claims finding that the asserted claims of two of the patents are invalid for indefiniteness and granting summary judgment that the asserted claims of another asserted patent are not infringed by Google’s accused system. The Court’s ruling disposes of all of our claims in the case. On May 14, 2024, we filed a notice of appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and oral argument on the appeal took place on March 9, 2026. A decision on the appeal is pending.

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Remote Power Patent Litigation

On February 21, 2025, we received an additional settlement payment of $150,000 from a defendant in litigation involving the Company’s Remote Power Patent as a result of satisfaction of certain conditions in the settlement agreement.

ITEM 4.

    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

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PART II

ITEM 5.

MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information. Our common stock is listed for trading on the NYSE American exchange under the symbol “NTIP”. On March 9, 2026, the closing price for our common stock as reported on the NYSE American exchange was $1.48 per share. The number of record holders of our common stock was 36 as of March 9, 2026. In addition, we believe there were in excess of approximately 1,100 holders of our common stock in “street name” as of March 9, 2026.

Dividend Policy. Our dividend policy consists of semi-annual cash dividends of $0.05 per share ($0.10 per share annually) which have been paid in March and September of each year. On February 19, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a semi-annual cash dividend of $0.05 per share with a payment date of March 28, 2025 to all common shareholders of record as of March 14, 2025. On September 5, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a semi-annual cash dividend of $0.05 per share with a payment date of September 29, 2025 to all common shareholders of record as of September 19, 2025. At this time, we anticipate continuing to pay dividends consistent with our policy. However, our dividend policy undergoes a periodic review by our Board of Directors and is subject to change at any time depending upon our earnings, financial requirements and other factors existing at the time.

As of December 31, 2025, we had accrued dividends of $161,000 for unvested restricted stock units with dividend equivalent rights.

Recent Issuances of Unregistered Securities. There were no unregistered sales of equity securities during the quarter ended December 31, 2025.

Stock Repurchases. On June 17, 2025, our Board of Directors authorized an extension and increase of our share repurchase program (“Share Repurchase Program”) to repurchase up to $5,000,000 of shares of our common stock over the subsequent 24 month period. The common stock may be repurchased from time-to-time in open market transactions or privately negotiated transactions in our discretion. The timing and amount of the shares repurchased is determined by management (excluding repurchases under our 10b5-1 plans) based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors. Our Share Repurchase Program may be increased, suspended or discontinued at any time.

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During the months of October, November and December 2025, we repurchased common stock pursuant to our Share Repurchase Program as indicated below:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share	Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1, 2025 to October 31, 2025	932	$1.50	932	$4,915,030
November 1, 2025 to November 30, 205	3,152	$1.46	3,152	$4,910,431
December 1, 2025 to December 31, 2025	__	__	__	$4,910,431
Total	4,084	$1.47	4,084

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we repurchased an aggregate of 212,262 shares of our common stock pursuant to our Share Repurchase Program at a cost of $286,617 (exclusive of commissions) or an average price per share of $1.35.

Since the inception of our Share Repurchase Program (August 2011) to December 31, 2025, we have repurchased an aggregate of 10,586,494 shares of our common stock at a cost of $20,269,971 (exclusive of commissions) or an average per share price of $1.91.

Effective December 24, 2025, we entered into a written trading plan (the “10b5-1 Plan”) under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the” Exchange Act”). Adopting a trading plan that satisfies the conditions of Rule 10b5-1 allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it might otherwise be prevented from doing so due to self-imposed trading black-outs or pursuant to insider trading laws. Purchases under the 10b5-1 Plan may be made during the following periods: (1) beginning on January 12, 2026 until two trading days after we issue a press release announcing our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2025, and (2) beginning on April 1, 2026 until two trading days after we issue a press release announcing our financial results for the quarter ended March 31, 2026. Under the 10b5-1 Plan, our third-party broker may purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock, subject to certain price, market, volume and timing constraints, in accordance with the terms of the plan and subject to Rule 10b5-1 and Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act.

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Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table summarizes share and exercise price information for our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2025.

	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and rights	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options and rights	Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column(a))
	(a)	(b)	(c)

Equity compensation plans approved by security holders	512,500⁽¹⁾	$ —⁽²⁾	2,005,000 ⁽³⁾

Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders	$  —	$  —	—

Total	512,500	$  —	2,005,000

_________________________

(1)

Consists of shares issuable upon vesting of outstanding restricted stock units issued under the 2022 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2013 Stock Incentive Plan.

(2)

Does not take into account outstanding restricted stock units as these awards have no exercise price.

(3)

Represents shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our 2022 Stock Incentive Plan. We discontinued issuing awards under our 2013 Stock Incentive Plan as a result of adoption of the 2022 Stock Incentive Plan.

Our 2022 Stock Incentive Plan (“2022 Plan”) provides for the grant of any or all of the following types of awards: (a) stock options, (b) restricted stock units (c) restricted stock, (d) stock appreciation rights, (e) unrestricted stock awards, (f) cash-based awards, and (g) other stock-based awards. Awards under the 2022 Plan may be granted singly, in combination, or in tandem. Subject to standard anti-dilution adjustments as provided in the 2022 Plan, the 2022 Plan provides for an aggregate of 2,300,000 shares of our common stock to be available for distribution pursuant to the 2022 Plan. The Compensation Committee (or the Board of Directors) generally has the authority to administer the 2022 Plan, determine participants who will be granted awards under the 2022 Plan, the size and types of awards, the terms and conditions of awards and the form and content of the award agreements representing awards. Awards under the 2022 Plan may be granted to our employees, directors and consultants. As of December 31, 2025, there were 87,500 shares issuable upon vesting of outstanding restricted stock units under our 2022 Plan and 425,000 shares issuable upon vesting outstanding restricted stock units under our 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”).

ITEM 6.     (RESERVED)

Not applicable.

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ITEM 7.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the “Risk Factors” Section on pages 9-18 hereof.

OVERVIEW

Our principal business is the development, licensing and protection of our intellectual property assets. We presently own one hundred nineteen (119) U.S. patents, fifty-four (54) of which have expired, and fifteen (15) foreign patents (unexpired) relating to: (i) our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio relating to, among other things, enabling technology for authenticating and using eSIM (embedded Subscriber Identification Module) technology in IoT, Machine-to-Machine and other mobile devices, including smartphones, tablets and computers, as well as automobiles; (ii) our HFT Patent Portfolio covering certain advanced technologies relating to high frequency trading, which inventions specifically address technological problems associated with speed and latency and provide critical latency gains in trading systems; (iii) our Cox Patent Portfolio relating to enabling technology for identifying media content on the internet and taking further action to be performed after such identification; (iv) our Smart Home Patent Portfolio relating to, among other things, the enabling technology to support the interoperability of smart home IT devices; (v) our Remote Power Patent covering the delivery of power over Ethernet (PoE) cables for the purpose of remotely powering network devices, such as wireless access ports, IP phones and network based cameras; and (vi) our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio relating to foundational technologies that enable unified search and indexing, displaying and archiving of documents in a computer system.

At December 31, 2025, our principal sources of liquidity consisted of cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $36,869,000 and working capital of $36,336,000. Based on our cash position, we review opportunities to acquire additional intellectual property as well as evaluate other strategic opportunities.

In the past, we have been dependent upon our Remote Power Patent for a significant portion of our revenue. Our Remote Power Patent generated revenue in excess of $188,000,000 from May 2007 through December 31, 2025. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, our Remote Power Patent generated all of our revenue. We no longer intend to enforce our Remote Power Patent as the patent has expired. Our future revenue is dependent on our ability to monetize our M2M/ IOT Patent Portfolio, HFT Patent Portfolio, Cox Patent Portfolio (if we are successful on our appeal to the Federal Circuit) and Smart Home Patent Portfolio. If we are unable to successfully monetize such patent portfolios or achieve a successful outcome of our investment in ILiAD, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be negatively impacted.

-24-

We have pending litigation involving certain patents within our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio and HFT Patent Portfolio and have appealed the judgment of the District Court dismissing our litigation against Google and YouTube on the grounds of non-infringement involving certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at pages 19-20 hereof). We may not achieve successful outcomes of such litigation, the appeal, or future litigation involving our patent assets.

To date we have invested $7,000,000 in ILiAD, a clinical stage biotechnology company dedicated to the prevention and treatment of human disease caused by Bordetella pertussis with a focus on validating its proprietary intranasal vaccine, BPZE1, for the prevention of pertussis (see Note H to our consolidated financial statements included herein). On February 5, 2026, ILiAD completed a $115,000,000 preferred stock financing. As part of the financing, ILIAD converted from a limited liability company to a corporation. The financing was led by RA Capital Management with participation from new investors Janus Henderson Investors and BNP Paribas Asset Management Alts, as well as existing investors including a multi-national pharmaceutical company and AI Life Sciences. As a result of the financing, the Company’s percentage ownership of ILiAD was reduced to approximately 3.1% on a non-fully diluted basis and approximately 2.5% on a fully diluted basis. As a result of the closing of the financing and the conversion to a corporation, we will no longer account for our investment in ILiAD using the equity method of accounting and will use the fair value method of accounting (see Note O of our consolidated financial statements included herein).

Our current strategy includes continuing our licensing efforts with respect to our intellectual property assets and the monetization of our patent portfolios. In addition, we continue to seek to acquire additional intellectual property assets to develop, commercialize, license or otherwise monetize. Our strategy includes working with inventors and patent owners to assist in the development and monetization of their patented technologies. We may also enter into strategic relationships with third parties to develop, commercialize, license or otherwise monetize their intellectual property. Our patent acquisition and development strategy is to focus on acquiring high quality patents which management believes have the potential to generate significant licensing opportunities as we have achieved with respect to our Remote Power Patent and Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio.

The significant components of expenses, when revenue is recorded, that may impact our net income (loss) relate to contingent legal fees and expenses related to our patent litigation (see Note I[1] to our consolidated financial statements included herein) and incentive compensation payable to our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to his employment agreement (see Note J[1] to our consolidated financial statements included herein). Both such components of expenses are based on a percentage of the revenue received by us as a result of litigation or otherwise.

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Our annual and quarterly operating and financial results may fluctuate significantly from period-to-period as a result of a variety of factors that are outside our control, including the timing and our ability to achieve successful outcomes of our patent litigation, our ability and timing of consummating future license agreements for our intellectual property, and whether we will achieve a return on our investment in ILiAD and the timing of any such return.

Our future operating results may also be materially impacted by our ability to acquire high quality patents which management believes have the potential to generate significant licensing opportunities. In the future, we may not be able to identify or consummate such patent acquisitions or, if consummated, achieve significant licensing revenue with respect to such acquisitions.

In 2026 and future years we could be classified as a Personal Holding Company. If this is the case, we would be subject to a 20% tax on the amount of any undistributed personal holding company income (as defined) for such year that we do not distribute to our shareholders (see Note E to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report).

Our current dividend policy consists of semi-annual cash dividends of $0.05 per share ($0.10 per share annually) which have been paid in March and September of each year. To date, we have paid semi-annual cash dividends in accordance with our dividend policy. At this time, we anticipate continuing to pay dividends consistent with our policy. However, our dividend policy undergoes a periodic review by our Board of Directors and is subject to change at any time depending upon our financial requirements, earnings and other factors existing at the time (see Note N to our consolidated financial statements included herein).

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024

Revenue. We had revenue of $150,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025 (“2025”) as compared to revenue of $100,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“2024”). All of our revenue for 2025 and 2024 was from litigation settlements involving our Remote Power Patent (see Note K[5] to our consolidated financial statements included herein).

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses for 2025 were $3,456,000 as compared to $3,721,000 for 2024. The decrease in operating expenses of $265,000 was primarily due to decreased professional fees and related costs of $171,000 and decreased general and administrative expenses of $129,000.

Professional fees and related costs were $788,000 for 2025 as compared to $959,000 for 2024. The decrease in professional fees and related costs of $171,000 in 2025 was primarily due to one-time settlement costs in 2024 of $205,000. This decrease was offset somewhat by higher legal fees related to patents and patent litigation of $53,000.

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General and administrative expenses were $2,485,000 for 2025 as compared to $2,614,000 for 2024. The decrease in general and administrative expenses of $129,000 for 2025 was primarily due to decreased stock-based compensation of $92,000 and state franchise taxes of $59,000 offset by increased executive compensation of $45,000 and consulting fees of $20,000.

Operating Loss. We had an operating loss of $3,306,000 for 2025 compared with an operating loss of $3,621,000 for 2024. The operating loss decrease of $315,000 was primarily due to increased revenue of $50,000 and decreased operating expenses of $265,000.

Realized and Unrealized Loss on Marketable Securities. For 2025, we recorded realized and unrealized gains on marketable securities of $277,000 as compared to realized and unrealized gains on marketable securities of $177,000 in 2024, primarily due to increased unrealized gains of $150,000 in 2025.

Income Taxes. For 2025, we realized a $31,000 current income tax benefit related to a federal income tax refund, as compared to no current income tax expense for 2024. We had a deferred tax benefit of $337,000 and $425,000 for 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in our deferred tax benefit was primarily due to a decrease of $309,000 in net losses of ILiAD recognized in 2025.

Share of Net Losses of Equity Method Investee. We recognized $1,603,000 of net losses during 2025 related to our equity share of ILiAD net losses, as compared to recognized net losses of $1,912,000 for 2024 (see Note H to our consolidated financial statements included herein).

Net Loss. As a result of the foregoing, we realized a net loss of $2,420,000 or $0.11 per share basic and diluted for 2025 compared with a net loss of $3,034,000 or $0.13 per share basic and diluted for 2024. Our net loss for 2025 decreased by $614,000 as compared to 2024 primarily due a decrease in 2025 of our operating loss of $315,000 and our recognized share of net losses of ILiAD of $309,000.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We have financed our operations primarily from revenue from licensing our patents. At December 31, 2025, our principal sources of liquidity consisted of cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $36,869,000 and working capital of $36,336,000. Based on our current cash position, we believe that we will have sufficient cash to fund our operations for the next twelve months and the foreseeable future. Our patent infringement litigation or realization of our investment in ILiAD may result in a material increase in our liquidity and capital resources.

Working capital decreased by $3,730,000 at December 31, 2025 to $36,336,000 as compared to working capital of $40,066,000 at December 31, 2024. The decrease in working capital in 2025 was primarily due to our operating loss of $2,999,000 (which excludes $307,000 of non-cash stock-based compensation), cash dividend payments of $2,296,000, the acquisition of patents of $415,000 and share repurchases of $293,000, offset by interest and dividend income of $1,844,000 and net realized and unrealized gains on marketable securities of $277,000.

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Net cash used in operating activities for 2025 decreased by $207,000 from $1,076,000 used in operating activities for 2024 compared to $869,000 used in operating activities for 2025, primarily because of decreased net loss of $614,000 and a decrease in uses of operating assets and liabilities, offset somewhat by a decreased share of net loss of equity investee of $309,000 and an increased unrealized gain of $216,000.

Net cash provided by investing activities during 2025 increased by $2,673,000 as a result of increased sales of marketable securities of $907,000 and decreased purchases of marketable securities of $2,181,000, offset by the acquisition of patents of $415,000.

Net cash used in financing activities for 2025 and 2024 was $2,596,000 and $3,724,000, respectively. The decrease of $1,128,000 in 2025 primarily resulted from a decrease in repurchases of common shares of $1,002,000.

We maintain our cash in money market funds, government securities, certificates of deposit, corporate bonds and short-term fixed income securities. Accordingly, we do not believe that our investments have significant exposure to interest rate risk.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

We do not have any long-term debt, capital lease obligations, purchase obligations or other long-term liabilities.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which require our management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations would be affected. We base our estimates on our own historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable after taking account of our circumstances and expectations for the future based on available information. We evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis.

We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if (i) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made, and (ii) changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. There are items within our financial statements that require estimation but are not deemed critical, as defined above.

For a detailed discussion of our significant accounting policies and related judgments, see Note B to our consolidated financial statements included herein.

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ITEM 7A.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 8.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The consolidated financial statements required hereby are located on pages F-1 through F-21 which follow Part III.

ITEM 9.

CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a)

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based upon this review, our executive officers concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in applicable rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b)

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

(i)   Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is also responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate “internal control over financial reporting” of the Company, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of

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the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is defined as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the issuer’s principal executive and principal financial officer and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) consistent with the small size of the Company. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

(ii)          Attestation Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and as such, are not required to provide the information contained in this sub-section pursuant to Item 308(b) of Regulation S-K. Accordingly, this Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting.

(iii) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B.

OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C.

DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not Applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 10.   DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The following information includes information each director and executive officer has given us about his or her age, all positions he or she holds, his or her principal occupation and business experience for at least the past five years, and the names of other publicly-held companies of which he or she currently serves as a director or has served as a director during the past five years. In addition to the information presented regarding each director’s specific experience, qualifications, attributes and skills that led our Board to the conclusion that he or she should serve as a director, we also believe that all of our directors have a reputation for integrity, honesty and adherence to high ethical standards. They each have demonstrated business acumen, exercise sound judgment, and a commitment of service to Network-1 and our Board.

Information about the number of shares of our common stock beneficially owned by each executive officer and director appears in this Annual Report under the heading “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” beginning on page 41 hereof. There are no family relationships among any of our directors and executive officers.

NAME	AGE	POSITION
Corey M. Horowitz	71	Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors
Jonathan E. Greene	64	Executive Vice President, Secretary and a Director
Robert M. Mahan	59	Chief Financial Officer
Niv Harizman	61	Director
Allison Hoffman	55	Director

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Corey M. Horowitz has been our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer since December 2003. Mr. Horowitz has also served as Chairman of our Board of Directors since January 1996 and has been a member of our Board of Directors since April 1994. Mr. Horowitz is also a member of the Life Sciences Institute Leadership Council at the University of Michigan. We believe Mr. Horowitz’s qualifications to serve on our Board of Directors include his significant experience and expertise as an executive in the intellectual property field, his understanding of our intellectual property and the patent acquisition, licensing and enforcement business combined with his private equity and corporate transactional experience.

Jonathan E. Greene became our Executive Vice President in October 2013 and our Secretary and a member of our Board of Directors in September 2022. He also serves as a member of our Strategic Development Committee. Mr. Greene served as a consultant to the Company from December 2004 until March 2013, providing technical and marketing analysis for our intellectual property portfolio. Mr. Greene became an employee of Network-1 in March 2013. From April 2006 to February 2009, Mr. Greene served as a marketing consultant for Avatier Corporation, a developer of identity management software. From August 2003 until December 2004, he served as a consultant to Neartek, Inc., a storage management software company (August 2003 until October 2003) and Kavado Inc., a security software company (November 2003 until December 2004). We believe Mr. Greene’s qualifications to serve on our Board include his engineering and technical expertise to assist us in our patent acquisition, licensing and enforcement business.

Robert M. Mahan became our Chief Financial Officer in December 2022. Mr. Mahan currently serves as President of Management and Financial Services, Inc., a consulting firm that he founded in 2011 which provides general management, financial and operations consulting services to private and public companies. In March 2023, he also became and continues to serve as Chief Financial Officer of Back Office Staffing Solutions, LLC, a private company providing back office processing services for staffing firms. From May 2021 to February 2022, Mr. Mahan served as Interim Chief Financial Officer of Loft Orbital Solutions, Inc., a space infrastructure company that designs, launches and operates low earth orbit satellites. From April 2019 to May 2021, he served as the Interim Chief Financial Officer of XWELL, Inc., formerly XpresSpa Group, Inc., (NASDAQ: XWEL), a global health and wellness holding company operating XpresCheck®, XpresSpa®, and Treat™ locations in airports. From November 2016 through April 2019, Mr. Mahan served as the Chief Financial Officer of SkyBell Technologies, Inc., a company engaged in the video doorbell and smart home industry. Mr. Mahan began his career in the audit practice of PricewaterhouseCoopers from 1989 through 1992 and as a Controller/Division Chief Financial Officer of Tommy Hilfiger USA, Inc. from 1992 – 2001.

Niv Harizman has been a member of our Board of Directors since December 2012 and serves as Chair of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and our Strategic Development Committee as well as a member of our Audit Committee and Compensation Committee. Mr. Harizman is a Managing Member of Tyto Capital Partners LLC, a private investment firm specializing in debt and equity investments in middle

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market companies and special situations, a position he has held since August 2010. Since March 2010, Mr. Harizman has also been the Managing Member of NHK Partners LLC, an entity that makes private investments and provides consulting services. Since November 2013, Mr. Harizman has been affiliated with Riverside Management Group, a merchant banking firm, and BCW Securities LLC, its affiliated broker-dealer. Mr. Harizman previously held senior investment banking positions at Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Deutsche Bank and BT AlexBrown Incorporated. We believe Mr. Harizman’s qualifications to serve on our Board include his significant investment and financial transactional experience and expertise.

Allison Hoffman has been a member of our Board of Directors since December 2012 and serves as Chair of our Audit Committee and our Compensation Committee, as well as a member of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Since August 2020, Ms. Hoffman has served as General Counsel of Phreesia, Inc. (NYSE: PHR), a leading provider of software solutions that healthcare organizations use to manage the patient intake process. From January 2016 until August 2020, Ms. Hoffman served as Chief Legal Officer and Chief Administrative Officer at Intersection Parent, Inc., an urban experience company that utilizes technology to make cities better, including bringing free Wi-Fi throughout New York City. We believe that Ms. Hoffman’s qualifications to serve on our Board include her extensive legal background and transactional experience.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our Board of Directors currently has four standing committees: an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and a Strategic Development Committee. Each committee has a charter. These charters are available on our website at: http://ir.Network-1.com/governance-docs. Each member of each committee is an “independent” director under the standards of the NYSE American LLC Company Guide except for Jonathan Greene, our Executive Vice President, who serves as a member of the Strategic Development Committee. Two of our current four directors, Allison Hoffman and Niv Harizman, are considered independent directors under Rule 803A(2) of the NYSE American LLC Company Guide.

Audit Committee

Our Board of Directors has a separately standing Audit Committee in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 803B of the NYSE American Company LLC Guide consisting of Allison Hoffman (Chair) and Niv Harizman. Allison Hoffman qualifies as an audit committee financial expert under applicable SEC rules. Ms. Hoffman and Mr. Harizman qualify as “independent” as independence for audit committee members is defined under Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 803B(2) of the NYSE American LLC Company Guide.

The Audit Committee is appointed by our Board of Directors to provide assistance to the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibility with respect to, among other things, (i) the integrity of our financial statements, (ii) our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (iii) selecting and evaluating the qualifications and independence of our independent registered public accounting firm, (iv) evaluating the performance of our independent registered public accounting firm, and (v) our internal controls and procedures.

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Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee consists of Allison Hoffman (Chair) and Niv Harizman. The Compensation Committee is appointed by our Board of Directors to assist the Board in carrying out its responsibilities relating to the compensation of our executive officers and directors. The Committee has overall responsibility for evaluating and approving the officer and director compensation plans, policies and our programs.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our Board has a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee consisting of Niv Harizman (Chair) and Allison Hoffman. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for, among other things, developing and recommending to the Board a set of corporate governance policies for the Company, establishing criteria for selecting new directors, and identifying, screening and recruiting new directors. The Committee also recommends to the Board nominees for directors and recommends directors for committee membership to the Board.

Strategic Development Committee

We also have a Strategic Development Committee consisting of Niv Harizman (Chair) and Jonathan Greene. The Strategic Development Committee assists our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer in strategic development and planning of our business relating to identifying potential strategic partners, the acquisition of new IP and other strategic opportunities. The Committee also assists in capital markets related activities.

Whistleblower Policy

We have established a Whistleblower Policy as a mechanism for employees, consultants and third parties to raise concerns regarding unethical conduct; questionable accounting, internal controls, or auditing matters; or the reporting of fraudulent financial information. The policy is also intended to reassure employees and consultants that they will be protected from harassment, discrimination, retaliation, or victimization for whistleblowing in good faith. A copy of our Whistleblower Policy is available on the Company’s website.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to our executive officers, directors and employees. A copy of our Code of Ethics is available on the Company’s website.

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Insider Trading Policies and Procedures

We have adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale and/or other disposition of our securities by directors, officers, employees and consultants (who have access to material non-public information) and the Company, that are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to us. Under this policy, all of our officers, employees, non-employee directors and consultants who are in possession of material non-public information are prohibited from trading in the Company’s securities, except for trades made pursuant to plans approved by our compliance officer and counsel in accordance the insider trading policy that are intended to comply with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act.

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ITEM 11.   EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The following table summarizes compensation for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, awarded to, earned by or paid to our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and to each of our executive officers who received total compensation in excess of $100,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025 for services rendered in all capacities to us (collectively, the “Named Executive Officers”).

Summary Compensation Table

Name and Principal Position	Year	Salary ($)		Bonus ($)			Stock Awards($)⁽³⁾		All Other Compensation($)⁽¹⁾			Total($)
Corey M. Horowitz	2025	$	579,390	$	107,500	(2)	$	—	$	46,500	(4)	$	733,390
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer	2024	$	562,515	$	130,000	(2)	$	—	$	61,000	(4)	$	753,515

Robert Mahan	2025	$	175,000	$	50,000		$	53,900	$	2,500	(5)	$	281,400
Chief Financial Officer	2024	$	175,000	$	25,000		$	—	$	3,750	(5)	$	203,750

Jonathan Greene	2025	$	245,833	$	37,500		$	35,500	$	68,170	(6)	$	387,400
Executive Vice President	2024	$	200,000	$	50,000		$	32,250	$	53,491	(6)	$	335,741

____________________________________

(1) We have concluded that the aggregate amount of perquisites and other personal benefits paid in 2025 and 2024 to our Named Executive Officers did not exceed $10,000, except for Mr. Greene as disclosed in Note (6) below.

(2) Mr. Horowitz received the following cash incentive bonus payments for 2025: (i) an annual discretionary bonus of $100,000 and (ii) incentive bonus compensation of $7,500 pursuant to his employment agreement (see “Employment Agreements – Termination of Employment Agreement and Change in Control Arrangements” below). Mr. Horowitz received for 2024 an annual discretionary bonus of $125,000 and incentive bonus compensation of $5,000.

(3) The amounts in this column represent the aggregate grant date fair value of restricted stock unit awards granted to the Named Executive Officers computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. In accordance with SEC rules, the grant date fair value of an award that is subject to a performance condition is based on the probable outcome of the performance condition. See Note B[10] to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report for a discussion of the assumptions made by the Company in determining the grant date fair value.

(4) Includes 401(k) matching funds contributions and additional contributions by the Company under the Company's 401(k) Plan for the benefit of Mr. Horowitz of $46,500 for 2025 and $46,000 for 2024, respectively. Also includes dividends (dividend equivalent rights) earned upon vesting of restricted stock units owned by Mr. Horowitz of $15,000 in 2024.

(5) Includes dividends (dividend equivalent rights) earned upon vesting of restricted stock units owned by Mr. Mahan of $2,500 in 2025 and $3,750 in 2024.

(6) Includes (i) 401(k) matching funds contributions and additional contributions by the Company under the Company's 401(k) Plan for the benefit of Mr. Greene of $39,304 for 2025 and $30,000 for 2024, (ii) dividends (dividend equivalent rights) earned upon vesting of restricted stock units owned by Mr. Greene of $1,500 in 2025 and $750 in 2024, and (iii) reimbursement of medical insurance premiums and certain other expenses of $27,367 in 2025 and $22,741 in 2024.

Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table

Employment Agreements, Termination of Employment and Change-In-Control Arrangements

On March 22, 2022, we entered into an employment agreement (“Agreement”) with Corey M. Horowitz, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to which he continues to serve as our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer for a four year term (“Term”), at an annual base salary of $535,000 subject to increases of 3% per annum during the Term. The Agreement established an annual target bonus of $175,000 for our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer based upon performance. The Company and Mr. Horowitz are in discussions to extend the Agreement. For the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer received an annual discretionary bonus of $100,000 and $125,000, respectively.

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In addition, pursuant to the Agreement, we granted to our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, under our 2013 Plan, 600,000 restricted stock units (the “RSUs”, each RSU awarded by us to our officers, directors and consultants represents a contingent right to receive one share of our common stock) which terms provided for vesting in four tranches, as follows: (1) 175,000 RSUs which vested 100,000 RSUs on March 22, 2023 and 75,000 RSUs on March 22,2024, subject to Mr. Horowitz’s continued employment by us through each such vesting date (the “Employment Condition”) (“Tranche 1”); (2) 150,000 RSUs shall vest if at any time during the Term our common stock achieves a closing price for twenty (20) consecutive trading days (“Closing Price”) of a minimum of $3.50 per share (subject to adjustment for stock splits) and the Employment Condition is satisfied through the date such minimum per share Closing Price is achieved (“Tranche 2”); (3) 150,000 RSUs shall vest if at any time during the Term our common stock achieves a Closing Price of a minimum of $4.00 per share (subject to adjustment for stock splits) and the Employment Condition is satisfied through the date such minimum per share Closing Price is achieved (“Tranche 3”); and (4) 125,000 RSUs shall vest if at any time during the Term, our common stock achieves a Closing Price of a minimum of $4.50 per share (subject to adjustment for stock splits) and the Employment Condition is satisfied through the date such minimum per share Closing Price is achieved (“Tranche 4”). In the event of a Change of Control (as defined), Termination Other Than for Cause (as defined) or a termination by Mr. Horowitz for Good Reason (as defined) in each case prior to the last day of the Term, the vesting of all RSUs (Tranches 1,2,3 and 4) shall accelerate (and not be subject to any conditions) and all RSUs shall become immediately fully vested. All RSUs granted by us to our officers, directors or consultants have dividend equivalent rights.

Under the terms of the Agreement, so long as Mr. Horowitz continues to serve as an executive officer of the Company, whether pursuant to the Agreement or otherwise, Mr. Horowitz shall also receive incentive compensation in an amount equal to 5% of our gross royalties or other payments from Licensing Activities (as defined) (without deduction of legal fees or any other expenses) with respect to our Remote Power Patent and a 10% net interest (gross royalties and other payments after deduction of all legal fees and litigation expenses related to licensing, enforcement and sale activities, but in no event shall he receive less than 6.25% of the gross recovery) of our royalties and other payments relating to Licensing Activities with respect to patents other than our Remote Power Patent (including all of our existing patent portfolios and our investment in ILiAD) (collectively, the “Incentive Compensation”). During the year ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Mr. Horowitz earned Incentive Compensation of $7,500 and $5,000, respectively.

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The Incentive Compensation shall continue to be paid to Mr. Horowitz for the life of each of our patents with respect to licenses entered into with third parties during the Term or at any time thereafter, whether he is employed by us or not; provided, that, the employment of Mr. Horowitz has not been terminated by us “For Cause” (as defined) or terminated by him without “Good Reason” (as defined). In the event of a merger or sale of substantially all of our assets, we have the option to extinguish the right of Mr. Horowitz to receive future Incentive Compensation by payment to him of a lump sum payment, in an amount equal to the fair market value of such future interest as determined by an independent third party expert if the parties do not reach agreement as to such value. In the event that Mr. Horowitz’s employment is terminated by us “Other Than For Cause” (as defined) or by him for “Good Reason” (as defined), Mr. Horowitz shall also be entitled to (i) a lump sum severance payment of 12 months base salary, (ii) a pro-rated portion of the $175,000 target bonus provided bonus criteria have been satisfied on a pro-rated basis through the calendar quarter in which the termination occurs and (iii) accelerated vesting of all unvested options, RSUs or other awards.

In connection with the Agreement, Mr. Horowitz has also agreed not to compete with us as follows: (i) during the Term and for a period of 12 months thereafter if his employment is terminated “Other Than For Cause” (as defined) provided he is paid his 12 month base salary severance amount and (ii) for a period of two years from the termination date, if terminated “For Cause” by us or “Without Good Reason” by Mr. Horowitz.

Jonathan Greene serves as our Executive Vice President and Secretary on an at-will basis at an annual base salary of $250,000 which commenced on January 1, 2025. Mr. Greene received a discretionary annual bonus of $37,500 for 2025 and $50,000 for 2024. On February 18, 2026, Mr. Greene was granted 25,000 RSUs under the 2022 Plan, which vest 50% on the one year anniversary of the date of grant and 50% on the two year anniversary of the date of grant, subject to Mr. Greene’s continued employment. On January 2, 2025, Mr. Greene was granted 25,000 RSUs under the 2022 Plan, 50% of such RSUs vested on the one year anniversary of the date of grant and 50% of such RSUs vest on the two year anniversary of the date of grant, subject to Mr. Greene’s continued employment.

Robert Mahan has served as our Chief Financial Officer since December 21, 2022 on a consulting basis at an annual compensation of $175,000. Mr. Mahan received a discretionary annual bonus of $50,000 for 2025 and $25,000 for 2024. On February 18, 2026, Mr. Mahan was granted 15,000 RSUs under the 2022 Plan, which vest 50% on the one year anniversary of the date of grant and 50% on the two year anniversary of the date of grant, subject to Mr. Mahan’s continued service to the Company. On September 22, 2025, Mr. Mahan was granted 35,000 RSUs under the 2022 Plan, which vest on the one year anniversary of the date of grant (September 22, 2026), subject to his continued service to the Company.

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401(k) Plan

We offer all employees who have completed a year of service (as defined) participation in a 401(k) retirement savings plan, which provides a tax-advantaged method of saving for retirement. We expensed matching 401(k) contributions and additional contributions of $85,804 and $76,000 under the 401(k) plan for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Director Compensation

In 2025, we compensated each non-management director of our Company by granting to each such outside director 15,000 RSUs. The RSUs vested in equal amounts of 3,750 RSUs on each of March 15, 2025, June 15, 2025, September 15, 2025 and December 15, 2025. In addition, we pay our non-management directors cash director fees of $40,000 per annum ($10,000 per quarter). Non-management directors also receive additional cash compensation on an annual basis for serving on the following Board committees: The Audit Committee Chairperson receives $7,500 and members receive $5,000; the Chairperson and members of each of the Compensation Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Strategic Development Committee (except for Mr. Greene as a management member of the Strategic Development Committee) receive annual fees of $3,750 and $2,500, respectively.

The following table sets forth the compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to persons who served as members of our Board of Directors (other than our Named Executive Officers) during the year ended December 31, 2025. No director who is also a Named Executive Officer received any compensation for services as a director in 2025.

Name	Fees earned or paid in cash ($)⁽¹⁾	Stock Awards ($)^{(2) (3)}	All other compensation ($)⁽⁴⁾	Total ($)
Niv Harizman	$ 55,000	$ 20,850	$ 1,125	$ 76,975
Allison Hoffman	$ 53,750	$ 20,850	$ 1,125	$ 75,725

___________________________

(1)

Represents directors’ fees payable in cash to each non-management director of $10,000 per quarter ($40,000 per annum) for 2025 plus additional cash fees for serving on Board committees as disclosed above.

(2)

The amounts included in this column represent the grant date fair value of restricted stock unit awards (RSUs) granted to directors, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For a discussion of valuation assumptions see Note B [10] to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. The 15,000 RSUs granted to each non-management director vested on a quarterly basis beginning March 15, 2025. Each RSU represents a contingent right to receive one share of common stock.

(3)

As of December 31, 2025, no stock options were owned by any of the above listed directors.

(4)

Includes dividends (dividend equivalent rights) earned upon the vesting of RSUs.

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Outstanding Equity Awards at December 31, 2025

The following table sets forth information relating to outstanding equity awards consisting of unvested restricted stock units for each Named Executive Officer as of December 31, 2025 (there were no outstanding stock options):

	Option Awards				Stock Awards
Name	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options		Option Exercise Price ($)	Option Expiration Date	Equity incentive plan awards: Number of unearned shares, units or other rights that have not vested	Equity incentive plan awards: Market value of unearned shares, units or other rights that have not vested⁽¹⁾ ($)
Name	Exercisable	Unexercisable	Option Exercise Price ($)	Option Expiration Date
Corey M. Horowitz Chairman and CEO	—	—	—	—	425,000⁽²⁾	$ 556,750
Robert M. Mahan Chief Financial Officer	—	—	—	—	35,000⁽³⁾	$    45,850
Jonathan Greene Executive Vice President	—	—	—	—	32,500⁽⁴⁾	$     42,575

_________________________________

(1)

In accordance with SEC rules, market value is based on $1.31 per share representing the closing price of our common stock on the last trading day of the year.

(2)

Represents 425,000 unvested restricted stock units, the terms of the vesting of such restricted stock units are disclosed on page 36 under “Employment Agreements - Termination of Employment and Change-In-Control Arrangements.”

(3)

Represents 35,000 unvested restricted stock units, which vest in full on September 22, 2026, subject to Mr. Mahan’s continued service.

(4)

Represents 32,500 unvested restricted stock units, of which (i) 12,500 restricted stock units vested on January 2, 2026, (ii) 12,500 restricted stock units which will vest on January 2, 2027, subject to Mr. Greene’s continued employment, and (iii) 7,500 restricted stock units vested on January 8, 2026.

Policies and Procedures for Equity Grant Awards/ Material Non- Public Information

Under our equity award policy, the Compensation Committee generally grants equity awards to our executive officers, directors and consultants on an annual basis with the exception of our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer who typically receives awards at the time of renewal of his employment agreement. For a number of years, we have awarded restricted stock units to our executive officers, directors and consultants and have not awarded stock options. In the event that the Compensation Committee were to make awards of stock options in the future, it will take into account material non-public information when determining the timing and terms of such option awards by generally making such awards on an annual basis on a pre-determined schedule. We do not time the disclosure of material non-public information for the purpose of affecting executive compensation.

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ITEM 12.

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of February 15, 2026 for (i) each of our directors, (ii) each of our executive officers, (iii) each person known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock, and (iv) all of our executive officers and directors as a group.

NAME AND ADDRESS OF BENEFICIAL OWNER	AMOUNT AND NATURE OF BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾		PERCENTAGE OF COMMON STOCK BENEFICIALLY OWNED⁽²⁾
Executive Officers and Directors: Corey M. Horowitz⁽³⁾		6,797,337		29.8%
CMH Capital Management Corp.⁽⁴⁾		2,291,372		10.0%
Niv Harizman⁽⁵⁾		335,985		1.5%
Jonathan E. Greene⁽⁶⁾		126,119		*
Allison Hoffman⁽⁷⁾		124,509		*
Robert Mahan⁽⁸⁾		50,000		*
All officers and directors as a group  (5 Persons)		7,441,450		32.6%
5% Stockholders:
Steven D. Heinemann⁽⁹⁾		1,340,408		6.4%
Cannell Capital⁽¹⁰⁾		1,141,975		5.5%

_____________________________________

*Less than 1%.

(1)

Unless otherwise indicated, we believe that all persons named in the above table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of our common stock beneficially owned by them. Unless otherwise indicated the address for each listed beneficial owner is c/o Network-1 Technologies, Inc., 65 Locust Avenue, Third Floor, New Canaan, Connecticut 06840.

(2)

A person is deemed to be the beneficial owner of shares of common stock that can be acquired by such person within 60 days from February 15, 2026 upon the exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted stock units or the conversion of other convertible securities within such 60 day period. Each beneficial owner's percentage ownership is determined by assuming that all stock options, restricted stock units held and other convertible securities owned by such person (but not those held by any other person) and which are exercisable, convertible or vest within 60 days from February 15, 2026 have been exercised, converted or vested. Assumes a base of 22,801,906 shares of our common stock outstanding as of February 15, 2026.

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(3)

Includes (i) 3,983,954 shares of common stock owned by Mr. Horowitz, (ii) 2,157,097 shares of common stock held by CMH Capital Management Corp., an entity solely owned by Mr. Horowitz, (iii) 134,275 shares of common stock owned by the CMH Capital Management Corp. Profit Sharing Plan, of which Mr. Horowitz is the trustee, (v) 67,470 shares of common stock owned by Donna Slavitt, the wife of Mr. Horowitz, (vi) an aggregate of 452,250 shares of common stock held by two trusts and a custodian account for the benefit of Mr. Horowitz’s three children, and (vii) 2,291 shares of common stock held by Horowitz Partners, a general partnership of which Mr. Horowitz is a partner. Does not include 425,000 restricted stock units owned by Mr. Horowitz that do not vest within 60 days of February 15, 2026.

(4)

Includes 2,157,097 shares of common stock owned by CMH Capital Management Corp. and 134,275 shares of common stock owned by CMH Capital Management Corp. Profit Sharing Plan. Corey M. Horowitz, by virtue of being the sole officer, director and shareholder of CMH Capital Management Corp. and the trustee of the CMH Capital Management Corp. Profit Sharing Plan, has the sole power to vote and dispose of the shares of common stock owned by CMH Capital Management Corp. and the CMH Capital Management Corp. Profit Sharing Plan.

(5)

Includes (i) 332,235 shares of common stock and (ii) 3,750 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units that vest within 60 days of February 15, 2026. Does not include 11,250 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units owned by Mr. Harizman that do not vest within 60 days from February 15, 2026.

(6)

Includes 126,119 shares of common stock. Does not include 12,500 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units owned by Mr. Greene that do not vest within 60 days from February 15, 2026.

(7)

Includes (i) 120,759 shares of common stock and (ii) 3,750 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units that vest within 60 days of February 15, 2026. Does not include 11,250 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units owned by Ms. Hoffman that do not vest within 60 days from February 15, 2026.

(8)

Includes 50,000 shares of common stock. Does not include 35,000 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units owned by Mr. Mahan that do not vest within 60 days of February 15, 2026.

(9)

Includes 453,000 shares of common stock owned by Mr. Heinemann and 886,000 shares of common stock owned by Goose Hill Capital LLC. Goose Hill Capital LLC is a limited liability company of which Mr. Heinemann is the sole member. Mr. Heinemann, by virtue of being the sole member of Goose Hill Capital LLC, has the sole power to vote and dispose of the shares of common stock owned by Goose Hill Capital LLC. The aforementioned beneficial ownership is based upon Amendment No. 13 to Schedule 13G filed by Mr. Heinemann with the SEC on February 10, 2026. The address for Mr. Heinemann is c/o Goose Hill Capital, LLC, 12378 Indian Road, North Palm Beach, Florida 33408.

(10)

Cannell J. Carlo has shared power to vote and dispose of the shares of common stock owned by Cannell Capital LLC. The aforementioned is based on Schedule 13(g) filed by Cannell Capital LLC and Mr. Carlo with the SEC on February 17, 2026. The address for Cannell Capital LLC and Mr. Carlo is 215 Altamont Road, Alta, Wyoming 83414.

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ITEM 13.

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Review, Approval or Ratification of Transactions with Related Persons

The Audit Committee has responsibility for reviewing and approving related-persons transactions in accordance with its charter. A related person is any executive officer, director, nominee for director or more than 5% stockholder of the Company, including immediate family members, and any entity owned or controlled by such persons. In addition, pursuant to our Code of Ethics, all of our officers, directors and employees are to avoid conflicts of interest and to refrain from taking part or exercising influence in any transaction in which such party’s personal interest may conflict with the best interest of the Company. Except for provisions of the Audit Committee Charter, there are no written procedures governing review of related-persons transactions.

Director Independence

Two of our four directors, Allison Hoffman and Niv Harizman, are considered independent directors in compliance with the standard of independence in Section 803A(2) of the NYSE American LLC Company Guide.

ITEM 14.

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Audit Fees

Grassi & Co., CPAs, P.C.(‘’Grassi”), our independent registered accounting firm as of December 12, 2024, billed us aggregate fees of $143,850 for the year ended December 31, 2025, for the audit of our annual financial statements, review of our financial statements included in our Form 10-Qs and for other services in connection with our statutory and regulatory filings. Grassi billed us aggregate fees of $80,000 for the audit of our annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024. Marcum LLP (“Marcum”), our prior independent registered public accounting firm during the period October 11, 2022 through November 13, 2024, billed us aggregate fees of $72,480 for the review of our financial statements included in our Form 10-Qs for the interim periods in the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Tax Fees and Other Fees

Grassi and Marcum did not render any other professional services other than those discussed above for 2025 and 2024.

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

Our audit committee charter provides that our audit committee must comply with SEC rules to maintain auditor independence as set forth in Rule 2-01(c)(7)(i) of Regulation S-X. The Audit Committee has a policy to pre-approve all audit and permissible non-audit services to be provided by our independent registered public accounting firm. All the services above were approved in advance by our Board of Directors.

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NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.


Index to Consolidated Financial Statements	Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB Firm ID 606)	F-1

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024	F-2

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024	F-3

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024	F-4

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024	F-5

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-6

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Network-1 Technologies, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Network-1 Technologies, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2025 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024,and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. We determined that there were no critical audit matters.

/s/ GRASSI & CO., CPAs, P.C.

GRASSI & CO., CPAs, P.C.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2024.

Jericho, New York

March 13, 2026

F-1

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024


	December 31,
	2025		2024
ASSETS:
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,402,000	$	13,145,000
Marketable securities, at fair value		23,467,000		27,455,000
Other current assets		237,000		232,000
Total Current Assets		37,106,000		40,832,000
OTHER ASSETS:
Patents, net of accumulated amortization		1,479,000		1,205,000
Equity method investment		1,734,000		3,337,000
Operating leases right of use asset		—		27,000
Security deposits		13,000		13,000
Total Other Assets		3,226,000		4,582,000
TOTAL ASSETS	$	40,332,000	$	45,414,000
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:

CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Accounts payable	$	253,000	$	203,000
Accrued payroll		289,000		292,000
Other accrued expenses		228,000		247,000
Operating lease obligations		—		24,000

Total Current Liabilities		770,000		766,000

LONG TERM LIABILITIES:
Deferred tax liability		—		337,000
TOTAL LIABILITIES		770,000		1,103,000

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (See Note I)		—		—

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; authorized 10,000,000 shares; none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024		—		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value; authorized 50,000,000 shares; 22,824,009 and 22,961,619 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		228,000		229,000
Additional paid-in capital		63,426,000		65,455,000
Accumulated deficit		(24,092,000		(21,373,000	)

TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY		39,562,000		44,311,000
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	40,332,000	$	45,414,000

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements

F-2

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024


	Years Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
REVENUE	$	150,000		$	100,000

OPERATING EXPENSES:
Costs of revenue		42,000			28,000
Professional fees and related costs		788,000			959,000
General and administrative		2,485,000			2,614,000
Amortization of patents		141,000			120,000

TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES		3,456,000			3,721,000

OPERATING LOSS		(3,306,000	)		(3,621,000	)
OTHER INCOME
Interest and dividend income, net		1,844,000			1,897,000
Net realized and unrealized gain on marketable securities		277,000			177,000
Total other income, net		2,121,000			2,074,000

LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAXES AND SHARE OF NET LOSSES OF EQUITY METHOD INVESTEE		(1,185,000	)		(1,547,000	)

INCOME TAXES PROVISION:
Current		(31,000	)		—
Deferred taxes, net		(337,000	)		(425,000	)
Total income taxes benefit		(368,000	)		(425,000	)
LOSS BEFORE SHARE OF NET LOSSES OF EQUITY METHOD INVESTEE:		(817,000	)		(1,122,000	)

SHARE OF NET LOSSES OF EQUITY METHOD INVESTEE		(1,603,000	)		(1,912,000	)
NET LOSS	$	(2,420,000	)	$	(3,034,000	)

Net Loss Per Share:
Basic	$	(0.11	)	$	(0.13	)
Diluted	$	(0.11	)	$	(0.13	)

Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic		22,848,402			23,250,224
Diluted		22,848,402			23,250,224
Cash dividends declared per share	$	0.10		$	0.10

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements

F-3

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024


	Common Stock
	Shares			Amount			Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders’ Equity

Balance – January 1, 2024		23,553,908		$	235,000		$	67,446,000		$	(16,989,000	)	$	50,692,000
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared		—			—			(2,388,000	)		—			(2,388,000	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			399,000			—			399,000
Vesting of restricted stock units		170,000			2,000			(2,000	)		—			—
Value of shares delivered to pay withholding taxes		(28,853	)		—			—			(61,000	)		(61,000	)
Treasury stock purchased and retired		(733,436	)		(8,000	)		—			(1,289,00	)		(1,297,000	)
Net loss		—			—			—			(3,034,000	)		(3,034,000	)
Balance – December 31, 2024		22,961,619		$	229,000		$	65,455,000		$	(21,373,000	)	$	44,311,000
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared		—			—			(2,336,000	)		—		$	(

SEC Form 10-K filed by Network-1 Technologies Inc.