else-20241231.htm

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

Form 10-K

☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

	For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 or
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 000-09587

ELECTRO-SENSORS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Minnesota		41-0943459
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(IRS Employer Identification No.)

6111 Blue Circle Drive Minnetonka, Minnesota 55343-9108
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(952) 930-0100
(Registrant’s telephone number)

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock	ELSE	Nasdaq Capital Market

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company ☒
		Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under §404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates (persons other than officers, directors, or holders of more than 5% of the outstanding stock) of the registrant was approximately $6,500,000 based upon the closing price of its common stock as reported on The Nasdaq Stock Market® on June 28, 2024.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.10 par value, on March 18, 2025 was 3,449,021.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain information called for by Part III of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement, which will be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report.

ELECTRO-SENSORS, INC.
Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I	4
Item 1. Business	4
Item 1A. Risk Factors	11
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments	11
Item 1C. Cybersecurity	11
Item 2. Properties	12
Item 3. Legal Proceedings	12
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	12

PART II	12
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	12
Item 6. [Reserved]	12
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	13
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	17
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	18
Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	38
Item 9A Controls and Procedures	38
Item 9B. Other Information	39
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	39

PART III	40
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	40
Item 11. Executive Compensation	40
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	40
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	41
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services	41

PART IV	42
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	42
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary	43

SIGNATURES	44

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Introduction

Electro-Sensors, Inc. (“we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” or “ESI”) manufactures and sells industrial production monitoring and process control systems.

In addition, we may periodically make strategic investments in other businesses and companies, including investments that we believe would facilitate the development of technology complementary to our existing products or investments that we believe present good opportunities for the Company and its shareholders.

ESI was incorporated in Minnesota in July 1968. Our executive offices are located at 6111 Blue Circle Drive, Minnetonka, Minnesota, 55343-9108. Our telephone number is (952) 930-0100.

Products

We manufacture a complete line of monitoring and control systems for a wide range of industrial machine applications. The systems measure machine production and operation rates, as well as regulate the speed of related machines in production processes.

Our goal is to develop meaningful annual updates to our products.

We have a sales agreement with Motrona GmbH, a German control and interface devices manufacturer, under which we have the right to distribute Motrona products in the United States. These products interface with our products on various applications for motion monitoring.

Speed Monitoring Systems

Our speed monitoring systems compare revolutions per minute or speed against acceptable rates as determined by our customers. These systems vary in complexity, from simple systems that detect slow-downs or stoppages, to sophisticated systems that warn of deviations from precise tolerances and that permit various subsidiary operations to be determined through monitoring shaft speed.

Our speed monitoring systems also include a line of products that measure production counts or rates, such as number of parts, gallons per minute, or board feet. These speed monitoring systems include alarm systems, tachometers, and other devices that translate impulses from the sensors into alarm signals utilized by our customers.

We have several products used in drive control systems that regulate the speed of motors on related machines in a production sequence to ensure that the performances of various operations are coordinated. The products consist of a line of digital control products for motors that require a complete closed loop PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) control. The closed loop controllers coordinate production speed among process motors and reduce waste.

Temperature Application Products

Our main temperature applications include bearing, gear box, and motor temperature monitoring sensors. These sensors alert an operator when the temperature exceeds or is less than a specified temperature.

Position Application Products

We also offer production monitoring devices that include a belt alignment and slide gate position monitor. The belt alignment monitor is used to determine if a belt is tracking correctly. The slide gate position monitor is used in plant operations to provide feedback of the position of a slide gate.

Vibration Monitoring Products

Our vibration monitors alert operators when the vibration of a machine in a production system exceeds or is less than a specified level.

Tilt Switches

A tilt switch is designed to alert the operator when a storage bin or production system reaches a certain capacity.

Hazard Monitoring Systems

Electro-Sentry We offer the Electro-Sentry 1^TM and Electro-Sentry 16^TM hazard monitoring systems, which integrate our sensors for monitoring temperature, belt alignment, and shaft speed with programmable control logic to create a complete hazard monitoring system. These systems enable our customers to locate which part of their material handling system is operating incorrectly, typically in less than ten seconds.

HazardPRO^TM We market our wireless hazard technology monitoring system under the HazardPROproduct name. This integrated hazard monitoring system captures and displays key information in an intuitive format allowing the user to quickly and comprehensively understand the status and history of the user's processes. The simple but powerful interface provides insight into a customer's internal operations as they strive to maximize safety and facility runtime, while minimizing costs associated with unscheduled maintenance and unplanned downtime. The HazardPRO system has been approved for use in hazardous dust environments by a third-party nationally recognized testing laboratory.

The HazardPRO site system manager software efficiently collects data from all sensors in a customer's monitoring system, with effective wireless monitoring across a widely dispersed area. This product line includes a complete antenna pair mounting system for easy and accurate customer installation.

We expect to continue to expend resources to develop new products and to market new and existing products for use in a wide variety of monitoring applications.

Our corporate website, www.electro-sensors.com, provides significant product application information for our existing and prospective customers and our sales partners. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference herein and is not a part of this Form 10-K.

Marketing and Distribution

We sell our products primarily through both our internal sales team and a number of manufacturer’s representatives and distributors, both nationally and internationally. In 2024, we had international sales through distributors in the following countries; Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Columbia, United Kingdom, Germany, Ukraine, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, India, Australia, China, the Republic of Korea, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore. Sales to customers outside the United States represented approximately 12% of revenues in 2024. We sell our products under the Electro-Sensors, Inc. brand as a range of products from simple sensors to complex integrated monitoring systems. Our customers operate in a wide range of industries, including grain/feed/milling, bulk materials, manufacturing, food products, ethanol, power generation, and other processing industries.

We continue to explore new industries and applications within the industries we serve to expand sales and may also consider acquiring compatible businesses or product lines as part of our growth strategy. In addition, we may make strategic investments that we believe present good opportunities for the Company and its shareholders.

In addition to enhanced operational safety, we believe that a wide variety of organizations could achieve significant savings in both time and materials by adding production monitoring and drive control technology to existing processes to coordinate the operation of related machines and help prevent costly downtime. We sell our products into both the “retro-fit” market and into new manufacturing or processing systems.

We advertise in national industrial periodicals that cover a range of industries and attend several local, national and international industry tradeshows throughout the year. We also use our corporate website and other related industry websites for advertising and marketing purposes.

Competition

We face substantial competition in the sale of our production monitoring sensors and systems from a broad range of industrial and commercial businesses. Among our competitors are 4B Components Ltd., Maxi-Tronic, Inc., Siemens Corporation, and Ag Growth International Inc. (AGI). We believe our competitive advantages include our products' superior design and quality, and that our products are sold as ready-to-install units that can be used in a wide range of applications. Our major challenges include the fact that several of our competitors are larger, may have better established names, have a broader range of sensing instruments, and have larger sales forces and capital resources.

Suppliers

We purchase parts and materials for our systems from various manufacturers and distributors. In some instances, these materials are manufactured in accordance with our proprietary designs. Multiple sources of these parts and materials are generally available, and we typically do not depend on any single source for these supplies and materials. While we believe that our supply chain began to stabilize this year, we occasionally experience unexpected price increases and delivery delays. To meet these challenges, we seek additional sources for components and modify product designs to accommodate new components that are more readily available at competitive prices. There is no guarantee that we will continue to be successful in modifying these designs and sourcing alternative components and material. As a result, we could experience significant delays in receiving certain components needed to make timely customer deliveries, as well as increased costs that erode gross margins. We continue to closely monitor lead times and availability of components. We are continually assessing our inventory levels and may take actions as necessary to minimize disruptions to our supply chain such as maintaining larger levels of inventories than we have in the past, but these actions may not be successful if significant disruptions occur.

Customers

We do not depend upon a single or a few customers for 10% or more portion of our sales.

Patents, Trademarks and Licenses

The Company relies on a combination of patent, trademark, and trade secret laws to establish proprietary right in its products.

We have registered the name “Electro-Sensors” as a trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”), Reg. No. 1,142,310. We believe this trademark has been and will continue to be useful in developing and protecting market recognition for our products. We established the HazardPRO trademark during 2014 and intend to register this trademark.

We hold six patents relating to our production monitoring systems. We believe strongly in protecting our intellectual property and have a long history of obtaining patents, when available, in connection with our research and product development programs. We also rely upon trade secrets and proprietary know-how.

We seek to protect our trade secrets and proprietary intellectual property, including know-how, in part, through confidentiality agreements with employees, consultants, and other parties. However, we cannot ensure these agreements will not be breached, that we would have adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or independently developed by competitors.

Seasonality

Generally, the Company experiences seasonality in the sale of its products with the second and third calendar quarters historically the strongest.

Business Development Activities

We continue to seek growth opportunities, both internally through our existing portfolio of products, technologies and markets, as well as externally through technology partnerships or related-product or business acquisitions. In addition, we may make strategic or other investments that we believe present opportunities for the Company and its shareholders. The Company's Board of Directors has established a special committee and continues to explore business development and other strategic alternatives.

Governmental Approvals

Although we are not required to obtain governmental approval of our products, we choose to obtain certain third-party certifications to meet customer needs and may expand market opportunities in certain industries.

Effect of Governmental Regulations

We do not believe that any existing or proposed governmental regulations will have a material effect on our business.

Research and Development

We invest in research and development programs to develop new products and to integrate state-of-the-art technology into our existing products. We undertake development projects based upon the identified specific needs of the markets we serve. Our "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section further describes our research and development expenditures.

Our future success depends in part upon our ability to develop new products in our varying segments. Difficulties or delays in our ability to develop, produce, test, market, and deliver new products could have a material adverse effect on future sales growth.

Compliance with Environmental Laws

Compliance with federal, state and local environmental laws has only a nominal effect on current or anticipated capital expenditures and has had no material effect on earnings or on our competitive position.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 40 employees, all of whom are full-time and based in the United States. We consider our relations with our employees to be good. None of our employees are currently represented by a labor union.

The Company views its employees and culture as keys to its success. The Company aims to attract and retain qualified personnel and provides wages and benefits that are competitive locally to reward employees for performance. The Company values innovation, inclusion and diversity, safety, and engagement as we believe these are keys to attract, develop, and retain the best talent.

The health and safety of our employees is our top priority. We believe the Company has generally been successful implementing appropriate measures to protect employee health and safety while maintaining business continuity and high levels of service to our customers.

Our ability to maintain a competitive position and to continue to develop and market new products depends, in part, on our ability to retain key employees and qualified personnel. If we are unable to retain our key employees, or recruit and train others, our product development, marketing and sales could be adversely affected.

Fluctuations in Operating Results

We have experienced fluctuations in our historical operating results and expect to experience fluctuations in the future. These fluctuations may affect the market price of our common stock. Sales can fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include: product competition and acceptance, timing of customer orders, cancellation of orders, the mix of products sold, supply chain disruptions, downturns in the markets we serve, geopolitical events, and economic disruptions such as weather-related events. In addition, we have experienced and may continue to experience increased costs for materials and labor which may impact our profitability. Because fluctuations may occur, we caution investors that results of our operations for recent periods may not accurately predict how we will perform in the future. We cannot ensure that we will achieve revenue or earnings growth.

Expending Funds for Changes in Industry Standards, Customer Preferences or Technology

Our business depends on our periodically introducing new and enhanced products and solutions to meet customer needs. Our product development efforts require us to commit financial resources, personnel and time, usually in advance of significant market demand for these products. In order to compete, we must anticipate both future demand and the technology available to meet that demand. We cannot ensure that our research and development efforts will lead to new products or product innovations that can be made available to or will be accepted by the market.

Available Information

We file annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Exchange Act. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information that we file with the SEC electronically. Copies of our reports on Form 10-K, Forms 10-Q, Forms 8-K, and amendments to those reports may also be obtained, free of charge, electronically through our investor relations website located at https://www.electro-sensors.com/about/investor-info as soon as reasonably practical after we file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report and should not be considered part of this document.

Forward-Looking Statements

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. We have made, and may continue to make, forward-looking statements with respect to our business and financial matters, including statements contained in this document, other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and reports to shareholders. Forward-looking statements generally include discussion of current expectations or forecasts of future events and can be identified by the use of terminology such as “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “could,” “will,” and similar words or expressions. Any statement that does not relate solely to historical fact should be considered forward-looking.

Our forward-looking statements generally relate to our growth strategy, future financial results, product development and sales efforts. We make forward-looking statements throughout this Annual Report, but primarily in this Item 1 and Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. These include statements relating to our beliefs and expectations and intentions with respect to (i) our growth and profitability, (ii) our marketing and product development, (iii) our ability to continue to obtain parts and materials for our products from various manufacturers and distributors in a timely manner and at reasonable prices, (iv) the value of our intellectual property, (v) our competitive position in the marketplace, (vi) the effect of governmental regulations on our business, (vii) our employee relations, (viii) the adequacy of our facilities, (ix) our intention to develop new products, (x) the possibility of us acquiring compatible businesses or product lines as part of our growth strategy, and (xi) our future cash requirements and use of cash.

Forward-looking statements cannot be guaranteed and our actual results may vary materially due to the uncertainties and risks, known and unknown, associated with these statements, including our ability to successfully develop new products and manage our cash requirements. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements. We wish to caution investors that the following important factors, among others, in some cases have affected and in the future could affect our actual results of operations and cause these results to differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements made in this document and elsewhere by us or on our behalf. We cannot foresee or identify all factors that could cause actual results to differ from expected or historical results. As such, investors should not consider any list of these factors to be an exhaustive statement of all risks, uncertainties or potentially inaccurate assumptions. These factors include our ability to:

	●	successfully use our cash and liquid assets to develop or acquire new or complementary products or business lines to increase our revenue and profitability;
	●	comply with any new government regulations that may be adopted to require companies to reduce carbon emissions or to disclose their carbon footprint, including the carbon footprint of components to manufacturers;

●

ensure that our operational systems, security systems and infrastructure, as well as those of third-party vendors, remain free from viruses or cyberattacks;

●

quickly and successfully adapt to changing industry technological standards;

●

comply with existing and changing industry regulations;

●

attract and retain key personnel, including senior management;

	●	offset the effect of inflation on component prices and labor by increasing prices on finished products;
	●	offset the effect of recently announced tariffs on components by increasing prices on finished products:
	●	adapt to changing economic conditions and manage downturns or disruptions in the economy in general;

	●	keep pace with competitors, some of whom are much larger and have substantially greater resources than us;
	●	respond to geopolitical and macroeconomic events that are beyond our control, such as any downturn in the economy caused by (i) a government shutdown similar to those that have occurred over the past decade, (ii) sovereign monetary policy and the resulting impact on interest rates, or (iii) unrest in the Middle East and the war between Russia and the Ukraine;
	●	continue to procure components for our products, and maintain a steady and reliable workforce, as described below under "Supply Chain and Labor Dynamics"; and
	●	the fact that we cannot guarantee that the Business Development Committee our Board formed in January 2023 to explore and pursue business development and other strategic alternatives will be successful in enhancing shareholder value.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

This item is not required for smaller reporting companies, but above under “Forward-Looking Statements,” we discuss some of the risk factors that are relevant to our business and operating results.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Electro-Sensors recognizes the critical importance of cybersecurity in safeguarding sensitive information, protecting our stakeholders, and maintaining customer trust. Our approach to managing cybersecurity risks includes implementing and overseeing governance practices and policies, periodic risk assessment, an incident response plan, ongoing training and awareness programs, and a commitment to continuous improvement.

Electro-Sensors’ information security is managed by our President and managers within the Company. They are collectively responsible for cybersecurity strategy, policy, standards, and processes. Our Board of Directors rely on management to bring significant cybersecurity matters impacting the Company to its attention, including with respect to material risks from cybersecurity threats. The Board is informed of cybersecurity matters on a quarterly basis and more often, as required.

A reputable firm for managed IT services provides managed IT services to Electro-Sensors. Services provided include managed device and network monitoring, patch management, security services including endpoint security and firewall management, secure email gateway and antispam, backup and recovery services, and 24/7 managed support. The Company's external network access and email are secured with Multi-Factor Authentication. All access control requests are documented and executed by trained, authorized personnel. Recovery data is kept offsite, and credentials are not kept within the client network. All security solutions managed by the managed service provider send critical alerts to an external ticketing system, and all critical alerts are responded to by trained personnel.

In the event of a cybersecurity incident, we have an incident response plan in place. This plan includes detection, response, and communication with stakeholders. Incident response is supported by appropriate third-party experts to address, assess, and respond to the event. The plan calls for mobilization of a response team including both internal and external resources as well as communication protocols so that event information is shared on a timely basis. We are committed to providing timely and accurate information to our stakeholders in the event of a breach.

As of the date of this report, we are not aware of any breach events or cybersecurity threats that could materially affect or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, any future potential risks from cybersecurity threats, including but not limited to exploitation of vulnerabilities, ransomware, denial of service, supply chain attacks, or other similar threats may materially affect us, including our execution of business strategy, reputation, results of operations and/or financial condition.

Item 2. Properties.

We own and occupy a 25,400 square foot facility at 6111 Blue Circle Drive, Minnetonka, Minnesota 55343-9108. All our operations are conducted within this facility. The facility is in excellent condition and we continue to maintain and update the facility as necessary. We believe the facility will be adequate for our needs in 2025.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

We are not the subject of any material legal proceedings as of the date of this filing and we are not aware of any material threatened litigation.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq Capital Market of The Nasdaq Stock Market® under the symbol “ELSE.”

Based on data provided by our transfer agent, as of February 27, 2025, we had 55 shareholders of record who held 834,132 shares of the Company’s common stock.

At the time of this report, the Company does not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

From time to time, we may be required to repurchase our common stock as a result of Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP") obligations described in Note 9 to our 2024 financial statements. We did not repurchase any common stock during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The information required by Item 201(d) of SEC Regulation S-K is set forth in Item 12 of this Form 10-K.

Item 6. [Reserved].

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated due to various factors discussed under “Forward-Looking Statements” in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table contains selected financial information, for the years indicated, from our statements of comprehensive income expressed as a percentage of net sales.

	Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Net sales		100.0	%		100.0	%
Cost of goods sold		51.1			50.4
Gross profit		48.9			49.6

Operating expenses
Selling and marketing		15.4			15.6
General and administrative		22.7			23.0
Research and development		10.8			11.4
Total operating expenses		48.9			50.0

Operating loss		0.0			(0.4	)

Non-operating income
Interest income		4.7			4.8
Total non-operating income, net		4.7			4.8

Income before income taxes		4.7			4.4

Income tax expense (benefit)		(0.1	)		1.2

Net income		4.8	%		3.2	%

The following paragraphs discuss the Company’s performance for years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Comparison of 2024 vs 2023 (dollars in thousands)

Net Sales

Net sales for 2024 were $9,373, an increase of $818, or 9.6%, from $8,555 in 2023. The increase was largely driven by higher sales of HazardPRO wireless sensors and systems for agricultural applications. International sales during the year increased on a percentage basis as compared to 2023, and comprised 11.5% of revenue, up from 10.3% in the prior year.

Gross Profit

Gross profit for 2024 increased $337, or 7.9%, to $4,582 from $4,245 in 2023. Gross margin in 2024 was 48.9% compared to 49.6% in 2023. The decrease in gross margin was primarily due to an increase in raw material and labor costs across all product lines, partially offset by price increases introduced in the second half of 2024. We have provided additional information regarding material and labor costs in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

SEC Form 10-K filed by Electro-Sensors Inc.