daio_10k.htm

0000351998false--12-11FY2023false50000002000003000000088163819020819

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
(in thousands)
Deferred income tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses	$	14		$	22
Inventory and product return reserves		1,168			477
Compensation accruals		2,750			2,511
Accrued liabilities		65			151
Book-over-tax depreciation and amortization		18			25
Foreign net operating loss carryforwards		184			149
U.S. net operating loss carryforwards		2,899			4,399
U.S. credit carryforwards		1,557			1,560
		8,655			9,294

Valuation Allowance		(8,655	)		(9,294	)
Total Deferred Income Tax Assets	$	-		$	-

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

	For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

	For the transition period from _____________ to _____________

Commission file number: 0-10394

DATA I/O CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Washington		91-0864123
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6645 185th Ave NE, Suite 100, Redmond, Washington, 98052

(425) 881-6444

(Address, including zip code, of registrant’s principle executive offices and telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act

Title of each class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock		DAIO		NASDAQ

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act

None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

		Accelerated filer	☐
Large accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b) ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates on the registrant as of June 30, 2023: $35,598,991

Shares of Common Stock, no par value, outstanding as of March 18, 2024: 9,023,200

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

DATA I/O CORPORATION

FORM 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023

INDEX

Part I

	Item 1.	Business	3

	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	11

	Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	19

	Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	19

	Item 2.	Properties	20

	Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	20

	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	20

Part II

	Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	21

	Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	21

	Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21

	Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	27

	Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	27

	Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	49

	Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	49

	Item 9B.	Other Information	49

	Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	49

Part III

	Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	50

	Item 11.	Executive Compensation	50

	Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	50

	Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	51

	Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	51

Part IV

	Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	52

	Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	56

Signatures			57

Table of Contents

PART I

Item 1. Business

This Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents incorporated herein by reference contain forward-looking statements based on current expectations, estimates and projections about Data I/O Corporation’s industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Forward Looking Statements.”

General

Data I/O Corporation (“Data I/O”, “We”, “Our”, “Us”) is a global market leader for advanced programming, security deployment, security provisioning and associated Intellectual Property (“IP”) protection and management solutions used in electronics manufacturing with flash memory, microcontrollers, and flash memory-based intelligent devices as well as secure element devices, authentication devices and secure microcontrollers. We collectively refer to IP protection, security provisioning of devices, provisioning of security into devices, and related services such as cloud onboarding and device and provisioning documentation management as “security deployment”. Data I/O^® designs, manufactures and sells programming and security deployment systems and services for electronic device manufacturers, specifically targeting high-growth areas such as high-volume users of flash memory and flash memory-based microcontrollers. Most electronic products today incorporate a number of programmable semiconductor devices that contain data, operating instructions and security credentials essential for the proper operation of the product and more and more products require security deployment.

Our mission is to bring the world’s electronic devices to life. Programmable devices are used in products such as automobile electronics, smartphones, HDTV, smart meters, gaming systems and a broad category called Internet of Things (“IoT”). IoT is a broad term that addresses the interconnectivity of devices and other electronic or smart products. Our solutions, some of which include security deployment and process control capabilities, enable us to address the demanding requirements of the electronic device market, where applications security and IP protection are essential to our customer’s success. Our largest customers are heavy users of programmable semiconductor devices and include original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and tier 1 suppliers in automotive electronics, industrial electronics, consumer electronics and IoT markets as well as their programming center partners and electronic manufacturing service (“EMS”) contract manufacturers.

Data I/O was incorporated in the State of Washington in 1969 and its business was founded in 1972. Our website address is www.dataio.com.

COVID-19

In 2023, most of the direct implications of COVID-19 had passed, and we were dealing with the follow-on impacts or indirect impacts from COVID-19 and the policies put in place to mitigate the disease. We continued to manage inflation, supply chain impacts and shortages, and the post lock down economic transitions in China and elsewhere.

Other Major Impacts on 2023

In 2022, the war in Ukraine started, while having little direct impact on us from Russia or Ukraine, did affect our supply chains, European economic uncertainty and energy concerns. Inflation impacted everyone. We believe we were able to adequately address inflation with pricing adjustments such that our margins were mostly maintained. The strengthening of the dollar in 2022 created headwinds for revenues, as typically over 90% of our business is international. Interest rate hikes by central banks were a concern, especially for cyclical industries with resulting worries about capital spending and planning for recessionary impacts. Certain labor markets were tight during the year causing recruiting challenges. The impact of semiconductor chip shortages, that began mid-2021 and continued well into 2022, are not completely resolved yet in 2023.

For 2023, many of the issues described have caused supply chain disruptions and lead-time unreliability, which we have managed carefully by maintaining and increasing key inventory levels. We believe there is less risk exposure on these issues and we are now reducing inventory levels. The economic challenges resulting from the war in Ukraine and inflation have likely caused Germany to enter into a recession in 2023. We believe that this, and challenges related to the expected shift from Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) to Electric Vehicles (EV), have impacted short-term demand in Germany. In the United States, we believe uncertainty related to automotive labor strikes softened demand and pushed out expected end-of-the-quarter orders. We experienced stronger orders the second half of 2023 from our automotive electronics customers and the labor strikes have been resolved.

Table of Contents

Industry Background

We enable companies to improve productivity, increase supply-chain security and reduce costs by providing device data programming and security deployment solutions that allow our customers to take IP (large design and data files) and protect and program it into memory, microcontroller, security and logic devices quickly and cost-effectively. We also provide services related to hardware support, system installation and repair, and device programming. Companies that design and manufacture products utilizing programmable electronic devices, ranging from automobiles to cell phones, purchase programming solutions from us. Trends of increasing device densities, shrinking device packages, increased demands for security, and customers increasing their software content file sizes, combined with the increasing numbers of intelligent devices such as automotive electronics and IoT applications, are driving demand for our solutions.

Traditionally, our programming market opportunity focused on the number of semiconductor devices to be programmed, but because of the rapid increase in the density of devices, and increasing demands for supply-chain security, the focus has shifted in many cases, from the number and type of devices, to the number and type of bits per device to be programmed or securely provisioned. With expected growth in IoT applications, the business opportunity for this market differs depending on quality, security and automation.

Some of our automated programming systems integrate data programming, automated handling functions and/or security deployment into a single product solution. Quality and security-conscious customers, particularly those in high-volume manufacturing and programming, drive this portion of our business.

Products

To accommodate the expanding variety and quantities of programmable devices being manufactured today, we offer multiple solutions for the numerous types of device mix and volume usage by our customers in the various market segments and applications. We work closely with leading manufacturers of programmable devices to develop our products to meet the requirements of a particular device. Our newer products are positioned and recognized as some of the most advanced programming and security deployment solutions.

Our programming solutions include a broad range of products, systems, modules and accessories, grouped into two general categories: automated programming systems and manual programming systems. Our PSV family of automated programming systems delivers a broad range of programming capacity and capability to the marketplace. Our PSV2800 Automated Programming System focuses on dedicated high-volume manufacturing in a lower cost platform. Our PSV7000 Automated Programming System continues to be well adopted in the marketplace, in particular for automotive electronics customers and as a base for security deployment upgrades. Our PSV5000 Automated Programming System combines mid-range capacity and flexibility with competitive pricing and also supports security deployment. Our PSV3500 Automated Programming System is a lower cost platform for basic programming needs. Our PSV family of handlers has won multiple industry awards for technical excellence and innovation and has a large global installed base.

Our automated systems have list selling prices ranging from $62,000 to $690,000 and our manual systems have list selling prices ranging from $12,000 to $48,000. Our security deployment system, SentriX®, is offered as a software license added to existing programming systems or on a pay per part use basis along with related fees.

Data I/O programming technology is integrated with the PSV family to create highly-flexible systems that deliver outstanding performance with low total cost of ownership. The Lumen®X programming engine is our highest performance programming engine, designed to support eMMC and UFS programming of large NAND FLASH, as well as microcontrollers, serial FLASH and other devices. Increasing memory densities and the need for faster data interfaces are resulting in an expected transition to the use of UFS devices. LumenX is available on our PSV7000 and PSV5000 and as a standalone manual programmer. FlashCORE™, and our universal job setup tool, Tasklink™ for Windows®, are available in each family of our automated programming systems and in FlashPAK™, our manual programming system. The SentriX security system adds security capability to our data programming system. SentriX allows customers of any size and demand-profile to securely add keys, certificates, and other security information to specialized regions of authentication integrated circuits ("ICs”), secure elements and secure microcontrollers. We provide device support and service on all of our products. Device support is a critical aspect of our business and consists of writing software algorithms for devices and developing socket adapters to hold and connect to the device for programming.

Our products have both an upfront solution sale and recurring revenue element. Adapters are a consumable item and software and maintenance are typically recurring under subscription contracts. Our SentriX system revenue typically comes from per part use fees, set-up or minimum quarterly fees, consumables, non-recurring engineering fees, service fees and the sale of equipment related to SentriX.

Table of Contents

Sales Percentage of Total Sales Breakdown by Type
Sales Type	2023		2022		Drivers
Equipment Sales		58%		57%	Capacity, Process improvement, Technology
Adapter Sales		29%		30%	Capacity utilization, New customer products
Software and Maintenance Sales		13%		13%	Installed base, Added capabilities
Total		100%		100%

The table below presents our main products and the key features that benefit our customers:

Products

Key Features

Customer Benefits

PSV Systems: Off-line (Automated)

· Fast program and verify speeds

· Up to 112 programming sites

· Up to 3000 devices per hour throughput

·UFS Support

· Supports LumenX and FlashCORE III programmers

· Supports multiple media types

· Supports quality options – fiber laser marking, 2D inspection, 3D coplanarity

· ConneX Service Software enables connected factory integration and automation

· Managed and secure programming

· High throughput for high-density flash memory programming

· Flexible I/O options (tray, tape, tube), marking/labeling and vision for coplanarity inspection

· Scalable solutions for low to high-volume manufacturing

· Access to system data for connected factory machine learning and AI applications

SentriX Security Deployment System

· Unique ability to securely provision keys and certificates one device at a time

· Broad set of secure devices supported with wide range of silicon partners

· Software license model allows easy upgrades from deployed data programming systems

· Pay per use model

· Create secure IoT devices across a global network

· Maintain IP control over their product’s lifecycle

· Secure supply chain and flexible key management architecture

LumenX Programmer

(Non-automated)

· Extensible architecture for fast program, verify and download speeds

· Supports UFS memory, microcontrollers, serial flash, secure elements and other device types

· Large file size support

· Secure job creation

· Eight sockets with tool-less changeover with single-socket adapters

· Managed and secure programming

· Fast setup and job changeover

· Highest yield and low total cost of programming

· High performance

FlashPAK III programmer:

(Non-automated)

· Scalability

· Network control via Ethernet

· Stand-alone operation or PC compatible

·Parallel programming

· Four sockets

· Universal device support

· Validate designs before moving down the firmware supply chain

· Unmatched ease of use in manual production systems

Table of Contents

Customers/Markets

We sell our solutions to customers worldwide, many of whom are world-class manufacturers of electronic devices used in a broad range of industries, as described in the following table:

	OEMs		EMS	Programming Centers
	Automotive Electronics	IoT, Industrial, Consumer Electronics, including Wireless	Contract Manufacturers
Notable end customers	Borg Warner, Bosch, Alps Alpine, Visteon, Kostal, JVCKenwood, Harman, Hitachi, Denso Ten, Continental, Aptiv Panasonic, Magna, Marelli, Tesla, Desay, BYD	LG, TCL, Siemens, Danfoss, Philips, Schneider, Endress+Hauser, Insta, Sony, UTEC, Nokia	Pegatron, Flex, Jabil, Wistron, Sanmina SCI, Foxconn, Salcomp, Calcomp, Plexus	Arrow, Avnet, BTV, CPS, Semitron, NOA Leading
Business drivers	Infotainment, Advanced Driver Assist (ADAS), electrification, connectivity, and security	Higher functionality driven by increasing electronic content. Shift from analog to connected intelligent devices, security	Production contract wins	Value-added services, logistics, security
Programming equipment drivers	Growing electronic content, global support, resilient supply chains, new product rollouts, growing file sizes, quality control, traceability, and security	Growing electronic content and need for IP protection. Process improvement and simplification as well as new product rollouts, memory and new technology, security	New contracts from OEMs, programming solutions specified by OEMs	Capacity utilization of their installed base of equipment, small parts handling, security
Buying criteria	Quality, throughput, reliability, configuration control, traceability, global support, IP protection, security	Quality, reliability, configuration control, traceability, global support, IP protection, security	Lowest equipment procurement cost, throughput, global support	Flexibility, lowest lifecycle cost per programmed part, low changeover time; use of multiple vendors provides negotiating leverage, device support availability
Security Deployment	End-customer focus	End-customer focus	End-customer and partner focus	Partner focus of our SentriX deployments

Our solutions address the data programming and security deployment needs of programmable semiconductor devices. Semiconductor devices are a large, growing market, in terms of units, bits programmed and need for security. We believe that our sales are driven by many of the same forces that propel the semiconductor industry as well as the automotive electronics industry. We sell to the manufacturers who are consumers of certain semiconductors. When their business grows, they buy more semiconductors which, in turn, requires additional programming equipment to maintain production speeds or program new device technologies.

Our device programming solutions currently target two high volume, growing markets: automotive electronics and IoT systems, including industrial and consumer devices.

Table of Contents

Growth drivers for automotive electronics

·	Consumers desire advanced car features requiring higher levels of sophistication, including autonomous cars, infotainment options (audio, radio, dashboard displays, navigation), ADAS, wireless connectivity and electrification
·	Proliferation of programmable microcontrollers to support the next-generation electronic car systems
·	Increasing use of high-density flash to provide memory for advanced applications
·	Increasing complexity to support autonomous vehicles
·	Increasing need for security solutions for a secure supply chain and lifecycle firmware integrity
·	Growing software size

Growth drivers for IoT, including industrial, consumer electronics and wireless

·	Securely controlling groups of connected devices through a secure supply chain and lifecycle firmware integrity management
·	Adding intelligence and processing into devices
·	Connecting previously unconnected devices to networks and the internet (such as smart home, including intelligent thermostats and lighting)
·	Emergence of new devices and applications (such as health and wellness wearable devices and applications)

Diversification of accounts receivable and net sales

During 2023, we sold products to approximately 200 customers throughout the world.

The following represented greater than 10% of net sales for the applicable year:

Percentage of Net Sales	2023			2022			2021

Number of customers		2			1			1

Approximate percentage of net sales		24	%		23	%		14	%

Percentage of each		13	%		23	%		14	%
Percentage of each		11	%		n/a			n/a

The following represented greater than 10% of our consolidated accounts receivable for the applicable year:

Percentage of Consolidated Accounts Receivable	2023			2022			2021

Number of customers		3			3			3

Approximate percentage of consolidated accounts receivable balance		47	%		39	%		36	%

Percentage of each		18	%		15	%		13	%
Percentage of each		16	%		13	%		12	%
Percentage of each		13	%		11	%		11	%

Geographic Markets and Distribution

We market and sell our products through a combination of direct sales, indirect sales representatives and distributors, as well as services through programming centers. We continually evaluate our sales channels against our evolving markets and customers and realign them as necessary to ensure that we reach our existing and potential customers in the most effective and efficient manner possible.

U.S. Sales

We market our products throughout the U.S. using a variety of sales channels, including our own field sales management personnel, independent sales representatives and direct sales. Our U.S. independent sales representatives obtain orders on an agency basis, with shipments made directly to the customer by us. Net sales in the U.S. for 2023, 2022 and 2021 were (in millions) $2.8, $1.8 and $2.6, respectively. Some of our customers’ orders delivered internationally are heavily influenced by U.S. sales-based efforts.

Table of Contents

International Sales

International sales represented approximately 90%, 93% and 90% of net sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We make foreign sales through our wholly-owned subsidiaries in Germany and China, as well as through independent distributors and sales representatives operating in 46 countries. Our independent foreign distributors purchase our products for resale and we generally recognize the sale at the time of shipment to the distributor. As with U.S. sales representatives, sales made by international sales representatives are on an agency basis, with sales made directly to the customer by us.

Net international sales for 2023, 2022 and 2021 were (in millions) $25.3, $22.4 and $23.2, respectively. We determine international sales by the international geographic destination into which the products are sold and delivered and include not only sales by foreign subsidiaries but also export sales from the U.S. to our foreign distributors and to our representatives’ customers. International sales do not include transfers between Data I/O and our foreign subsidiaries. Export sales are subject to U.S. Department of Commerce regulations. We have not, however, experienced difficulties to date as a result of these requirements. Our products typically do not require export licenses. We have not made sales to Iran or any Iranian governmental entities or any other blacklisted companies or countries.

Fluctuating exchange rates and other factors beyond our control, such as the coronavirus, international monetary stability, tariff and trade policies and U.S. and foreign tax and economic policies, may affect the level and profitability of international sales. We cannot predict the effect of such factors on our business, but we try to consider and respond to changes in these factors, particularly as the majority of our costs are U.S. based while the vast majority of our sales are international.

Competition

The competition in the programming systems market is fragmented with several companies selling directly competitive solutions. Our direct competition competes primarily based on price. Typically, their equipment meets a “good enough” standard, but with reduced quality, traceability, upgradability, security and other software features. Many of these competitors compete on a regional basis. Although competition in the security deployment market is developing, we expect competition in the market to increase as security deployment becomes more important. There are alternative security deployment solutions such as software-based security, rather than the hardware-based security of our SentriX equipment.

In addition, we compete with multiple substitute forms of device programming including “home grown” solutions. Programming after device placement may be done with In Circuit Test (“ICT”), In System Programming (“ISP”), and End of Line Downloading (“EOL”). Some automotive products may also be programmed over the air (“OTA”). IoT devices may also be programmed with ICT, ISP, EOL or OTA. In addition, new security devices may be required to be programmed using device-specific programmers developed by the semiconductor manufacturer.

While we are not aware of any published industry market information covering the programming systems or security deployment market, according to our internal analysis of competitors’ revenues, we believe we continue to be the largest supplier in the programming systems market.

Manufacturing, Raw Materials and Backlog

We strive to manufacture and provide the best solutions for advanced programming. We primarily assemble and test our products at our principal facilities in Redmond, Washington and Shanghai, China. Both of these locations are ISO 9001:2015 certified. We outsource our circuit board manufacturing and fabrication. As a resilient supply chain strategy, we manufacture various products in both of our production facilities. This strategy allows opportunity to mitigate some of the risks of having only one location, as well as enabling tariff and tax optimization strategies. We use a combination of standard components and fabricated parts manufactured to our specifications. Most components used are available from a number of different suppliers and subcontractors but certain items, such as some handler and programmer and security deployment subassemblies, custom integrated circuits, hybrid circuits and connectors, are purchased from single sources. We believe that additional sources can be developed for most present single-source components without significant difficulties. Single-source components may not always continue to be readily available or may be subject to part shortage delays. If we cannot develop alternative sources for these components, or if we experience deterioration in relationships with these suppliers, there may be price increases, minimum order quantities, end of life purchase requirements, costs associated with integrating alternatively sourced parts, and delays or reductions in product introductions or shipments, which may materially adversely affect our operating results.

In accordance with industry practices, generally all orders are subject to cancellation prior to shipment without penalty, except for contracts calling for custom configuration. To date, such cancellations have not had a material effect on our sales volume. To meet customers’ delivery requirements, we manufacture certain products based upon a combination of backlog and anticipated orders. Most orders are scheduled for delivery within 1 to 90 days after receipt of the order. Our backlog of pending orders was approximately (in millions) $2.8, $4.8 and $2.9 as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The size of backlog at any particular date is not necessarily a meaningful indicator of the trend of our business.

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Research and Development

We believe that continued investment in research and development is critical to our future success. We continue to develop new technologies and products and enhance existing products. Future growth is, to a large extent, dependent upon the timely development and introduction of new products, as well as the development of technology and algorithms to support the latest programmable devices. Where possible, we may pursue partnerships and other strategic relationships to add new products, capabilities and services, particularly in security deployment. We are currently focusing our research and development efforts on strategic growth markets, including automotive electronics, IoT and security deployment. We are continuing to develop technology for security deployment to program new categories of semiconductors, including Secure Elements, TPMs, Authentication Chips, and Secure Microcontrollers. We plan to deliver new programming technology, automated handling systems, factory automation communications software, and enhancements for security deployment in the manufacturing environment. We also continue to focus on increasing our capacity and responsiveness for new device support requests from customers and programmable integrated circuit manufacturers by revising and enhancing our internal processes and tools. Our research and development efforts have resulted in the release of significant new products and product enhancements over the past several years.

During 2023, 2022 and 2021, we made expenditures for research and development of (in millions) $6.5, $6.1 and $6.6, respectively, representing 23%, 25% and 26% of net sales, respectively. Research and development costs are generally expensed as incurred.

Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks and Licenses

We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trade secrets and trademarks to protect our IP, as well as product development and marketing skill to establish and protect our market position. We continue to apply for and add new patents to our patent portfolio as we develop strategic new technologies. We believe patent protection enforcement may be increasingly important in our security provisioning business and we have approximately 25 U.S. and international awarded patents related to the SentriX platform and security provisioning architecture, processes, and methods.

We attempt to protect our rights in proprietary systems (architecture, implementations, software), including the SentriX Security Deployment System. We attempt to protect our software, including Lumen®X software, FlashCORE software, TaskLink software, ConneX smart programming software and other software products, by retaining the title to and copyright of the software and documentation, by including appropriate contractual restrictions on use and disclosure in our licenses, and by requiring our employees to execute non-disclosure agreements. Our software products are not typically sold or licensed separately from sales of programming systems. However, when we license software separately, we recognize revenue upon the transfer of control of the software, which is generally upon shipment, provided that only inconsequential performance obligations remain on our part and substantive acceptance conditions, if any, have been met.

Because of the rapidly changing technology in the semiconductor, electronic equipment and software industries, portions of our products might infringe upon existing patents or copyrights, and we may be required to obtain licenses or discontinue the use of the infringing technology. We believe that any exposure we may have regarding possible infringement claims is a reasonable business risk similar to that assumed by other companies in the electronic equipment and software industries. However, any claim of infringement, with or without merit, could be costly and a diversion of management’s attention, and an adverse determination could adversely affect our reputation, potentially preclude us from offering certain products, and subject us to substantial liability. As of December 31, 2023, we were not subject to any pending actions regarding infringement claims.

Employees - Human Capital

As of December 31, 2023, we had a total of 100 employees, of which 46 were located outside the U.S. and 9 of which were part time. We also utilize independent contractors for specialty work, primarily in research and development, and utilize temporary workers to adjust capacity to fluctuating demand and for special projects. Many of our employees are highly skilled, trained and experienced in specialized areas and our continued success will depend in part upon our ability to attract and retain employees who can be in great demand within the industry. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining unit and we believe relations with our employees are favorable. In foreign countries we have employment agreements or, in China, the Shanghai Foreign Services Co., Ltd. (“FSCO”) labor agreement. Because of the creation of specialized knowledge and skills in our business, there are extra short-term challenges to hiring and training replacements. Our hiring and retention strategies and efforts include emphasis on the advantages of working in a technology oriented, smaller, international, public company, and the culture of our organization. We utilize competitive pay practices, incentive compensation, equity awards, and benefits such as health care, life and disability insurance; paid time off; education and volunteer time. The tight labor markets that we experienced in 2022 returned to more normal in 2023.

Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”)

Data I/O is committed to the responsibilities associated with modern age ESG. The Company’s key pillars for ESG support a framework for sustainable growth and include Leadership & Governance, Environment, Innovation, Human Capital, Social Capital, and Financial Excellence. Initiatives within these areas apply to the company’s daily global operations as well as within its supply chains.

We believe we are the only supplier in our industry with a published conflict mineral policy and public company governance. Our facilities are subject to numerous laws and regulations concerning the discharge of materials or otherwise relating to the environment. In addition to this commitment, the company has a track record of meeting its ESG regulatory obligations, being a solid corporate citizen, delivering superior value to its customers and partners, and demonstrating corporate stewardship including returning capital to shareholders through past share buybacks.

As the largest and only publicly traded company in its sector, according to our internal analysis, Data I/O has led its industry in disclosing significant operational and financial information. The Company's Board currently includes Data I/O's CEO and four Independent Directors. It is diverse in gender, education, professional experience and differences in viewpoints and skills. Through its continuous improvement practices and our operations’ focus on assembly and test with no fabrication, the company consumes relatively little energy, has minimal or no emissions or pollutants to air and wastewater, and complies with workplace labor, safety and business practices on three continents. Additionally, the Company started to purchase only sustainable (green) electric power (in our China & U.S. facilities in 2023; German facility in prior years) and started to purchase offsets for its carbon emissions from natural gas use in the U.S. facility. For our vehicles, we have been replacing turned in cars with hybrid or electric vehicles. None of these actions have had a material financial impact. Recent developments to climate regulations and guidelines have increased customer demands for climate disclosures on their timelines as opposed to regulations applicability to the Company.

Data I/O is also committed to giving back to our local communities through volunteer and internship programs. The Company provides employees time-off to volunteer and also coordinates group projects. In addition, the Company provides internships to local high school and college students through STEM and technical colleges.

Compliance with environmental laws has not had, nor is it currently expected to have, a material effect on our capital expenditures, financial position, results of operations or competitive position. Potential regulations regarding climate change measurements and disclosures could require significant effort and costs.

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Executive Officers of the Registrant

Set forth below is certain information concerning the executive officers of Data I/O as of March 18, 2024:

Name	Age	Position

Anthony Ambrose	62	President and Chief Executive Officer

Gerald Y. Ng	62	Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer

Rajeev Gulati	60	Chief Technology Officer, Vice President of Engineering

Michael Tidwell	55	Vice President of Marketing and Corporate Business Development

Anthony Ambrose joined Data I/O on October 25, 2012, and is our President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), and a member of the Board of Directors. Prior to Data I/O, Mr. Ambrose was Owner and Principal of Cedar Mill Partners, LLC, a strategy consulting firm since 2011. From 2007 to 2011, he was Vice President and General Manager at RadiSys Corporation, a leading provider of embedded wireless infrastructure solutions, where he led all product divisions and worldwide engineering. Until 2007, he was general manager and held several other progressively responsible positions at Intel Corporation, where he led development and marketing of standards-based telecommunications platforms, and grew the industry standard server business to over $1B in revenues. He is Chair of the EvergreenHealth Foundation Board of Trustees. He previously served as a board member of SideChannel, Inc. (OTCQB: SDCH) until February 2024 having been retained after their 2022 merger with Cipherloc Corporation (OTCQB: CLOK) where he joined the board in 2019 and had also been lead independent director since 2019. Mr. Ambrose has a Bachelor of Science in Engineering from Princeton University. He has completed the Stanford Graduate School of Business Director Symposium and earned the Carnegie Mellon University Certificate in Cybersecurity Oversight.

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Gerald Y. Ng joined Data I/O in July 2023 as Data I/O's Vice President of Finance and, effective August 16, 2023, became Data I/O's Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Gerry brings a wealth of experience in finance and treasury functions, business development, financial planning & forecasting, monthly reporting and business compliance. He was previously CFO for Kymeta Corporation, a broadband satellite and cellular networks communication company, and prior to that, held CFO titles at FUJIFILM SonoSite, Inc. and Fluke Networks. Gerry holds a Masters of Business Administration from Northwestern University – Kellogg School of Management and a Bachelor of Arts Finance and Accounting from the University of Washington.

Rajeev Gulati joined Data I/O in July 2013 and is our Chief Technology Officer and Vice President of Engineering. Prior to Data I/O, Rajeev served as Director of Software Engineering for AMD responsible for tools, compiler strategy and execution from 2006 to 2013. He has an extensive background in software, systems and applying technology to develop new markets. Previously, he served as Director of Strategy and Planning at Freescale from 2004 to 2006; as Director of Embedded Products at Metrowerks (acquired by Motorola) from 2000 to 2004 and Director of Compilers, Libraries & Performance Tools from 1997 to 2000; and engineering and programmer positions at Apple Computer, IBM and Pacific-Sierra Research. Rajeev holds a Master of Science in Electrical & Computer Engineering from the University of Texas, Austin and a BE in Electrical Engineering from Delhi College of Engineering, New Delhi.

Michael Tidwell joined Data I/O in May 2019 and is our Vice President of Marketing and Corporate Business Development. Prior to Data I/O, he was Vice President of Marketing & Business Development at Tignis, an AI and machine learning startup. From 2012 to 2018 Michael was head of Marketing and Business Development at Sansa Security, a leading software security IP provider that was sold to ARM Holdings. Prior to Sansa, Michael was Vice President of Business and Market Development at BSQUARE Corporation. Michael has a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering from the University of Washington and a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Summa Cum Laude) from Georgia Institute of Technology.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Cautionary Factors That May Affect Future Results

Our disclosure and analysis in this Annual Report contains some forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include our current expectations or forecasts of future events. The reader can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. In particular, these include statements relating to future action, supply chain expectations, semiconductor chip availability, Russia-Ukraine war impacts, prospective products, expected market growth, new technologies and trends, industry partnerships, foreign operations, economic expectations, future performance or results of current and anticipated products, sales efforts, expenses, outcome of contingencies, impact of regulatory requirements, tariffs and financial results.

Any or all of the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report or in any other public statement made may turn out to be wrong. They can be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make, or known or unknown risks and uncertainties can affect these forward-looking statements. Many factors -- for example, product competition and product development -- will be important in determining future results. Moreover, neither Data I/O nor anyone else assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of these forward-looking statements. Actual future results may materially vary.

We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements after the date of this Annual Report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. The reader should not unduly rely on our forward-looking statements. The reader is advised, however, to consult any future disclosures we make on related subjects in our 10-Q, 8-K and 10-K reports to the SEC and press releases. Also, note that we provide the following cautionary discussion of risks, uncertainties and possible inaccurate assumptions relevant to our business. These are factors that we think could cause our actual results to differ materially from expected and historical results. Other factors besides those listed here could also adversely affect us. This discussion is permitted by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

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RISK FACTORS:

TARIFFS AND TRADE ISSUES

Changes in tariffs and trade issues may adversely affect our business, including revenues and/or gross margins.

We produce products in the United States and China. Currently, certain of our products are subject to tariffs imposed by one country on goods manufactured in the other country. This has materially impacted our gross margins negatively. There is uncertainty regarding the tariffs expected to be imposed, and any increase in tariff rates and subjecting additional items to tariffs, could impact our costs, revenues and the competitiveness of our products due to our manufacturing locations. Trade and tariff issues are creating business uncertainty and may spread to and impact other jurisdictions.

Additionally, ongoing trade tensions between the United States and China are impacting our ability to seamlessly design, build, market and sell our products. These tensions may increase suddenly at any time due to government policies or actions. Some customers have moved production away from China, further from our facilities and engineers. We endeavor to have multi-sourced manufacturing, but this is not currently practical for all products in all locations.

War based restrictions, embargos, and supply chain disruptions have and are occurring as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which could have economic and other indirect impacts to our business. We do not have any operations in Russia or Ukraine, nor do we rely on any software or hardware components sourced from these two countries. The Israel - Hamas war could have similar issues, although we have not experienced any material impacts.

NEW PRODUCTS OR SERVICES

We are pursuing new product or service initiatives, and business models that may develop more slowly and/or to a lesser extent than expected.

In order to lead in new and potentially lucrative market opportunities, for example in security deployment of programmable devices, circuit boards and electronic systems, we are making significant investments in people, technology and business development while the market is developing and uncertain. Due to the length of time to market from design to production in security provisioning, if these markets develop more slowly than planned, or if our security deployment solutions are not widely accepted, then we may not achieve our expected return on investment in new technologies, which may significantly affect the results of our existing business.

In the security deployment area, we have introduced a pay per use business model and service fees that may not be accepted by our customers who are accustomed to paying for capital equipment upfront, rather than paying per use charges.

Failure to adapt to technology trends in our industry may impact our competitiveness and financial results.

Product and service technology in our industry evolves rapidly, making timely product innovation essential to success in the marketplace. Introducing products and services with improved technologies or features may render our existing products obsolete and unmarketable. Technological advances and trends that may negatively impact our business include:

·	new device package types, densities, chip interfaces and technologies requiring hardware and software changes in order to be programmed by our products, particularly certain segments of the high-density flash memory markets where after placement programming is recommended by certain semiconductor manufacturers;

·	reduction in semiconductor process geometries for certain 3 Dimensional (3D), Multi Level Cell (MLC) and Triple Level Cell (TLC) NAND and eMMC FLASH memories impact the product data retention through Surface Mount Technology (SMT) reflow or X-ray inspection. Improper SMT process control can negatively impact the end customer’s ability to successfully program devices. This can cause them to change their programing methods away from pre-programming to post placement programming techniques, including ISP, ICT. Data I/O has, and continues to work with several semiconductor manufacturers to develop best practices to minimize the impact of reflow and potential concerns about X-ray induced data loss so that preprogramming remains a supported alternative;

·	changes in Flash technology speeds will eventually require us to change the architecture of our programming engines;

·	electronics equipment manufacturing practices, such as widespread use of in-circuit programming or downloading;

·	adoption of proprietary security and programming protocols and additional security capabilities and requirements;

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·	customer software platform preferences different from those on which our products operate;

·	customer adoption of newer unsupported semiconductor device technologies such as NVMe memory or device interface methods, particularly if these technologies are adopted by automotive electronics, IoT or wireless customers; and/or

·	more rigid industry standards, which would decrease the value-added element of our products and support services.

If we cannot develop products or services in a timely manner in response to industry changes, or if our products or services do not perform well, our business and financial condition may be adversely affected. Also, our new products or services may contain defects or errors that give rise to product liability claims against us or cause our products to fail to gain market acceptance. Our future success depends on our ability to successfully compete with other technology firms in attracting and retaining key technical personnel.

Failure to adapt to increasing automotive electronics customer requirements and a rapidly changing global automotive electronics ecosystem may impact our competitiveness and result in a decline in sales or increased costs.

Concentration in automotive electronics and our orders related to automotive electronics customers has been dominant in recent years at 63% in 2023, 61% in 2022 and 58% in 2021. As we have been concentrated on automotive electronics customers, any decrease in demand from these customers may materially impact our results, as it will take some time to transition our product line to other markets. Quality standards and business requirements by our automotive electronics customers, driven in turn by their automotive manufacturer customers, may demand processes and certifications at a higher level than we currently are structured to provide. For example, although we currently meet the ISO 9001:2015 standard, new quality standards, and environmental standards may be demanded by our customers with even more rigorous requirements. In addition, contractual provisions may expose us to greater potential liability and costs and we may be required to provide higher service levels than we currently provide. If we cannot adapt to these industry requirements or manage these contractual provisions, our business may be adversely affected.

We are also seeing a shift in the global automotive industry towards new entrants touting new methods, especially for all electric vehicles. These new entrants may not develop solutions through the traditional value chain. If Data I/O is not able to market and sell effectively to these new entrants, we risk losing market share in our largest market.

Delays in development, introduction and shipment of new products or services may result in a decline in sales or increased costs.

We develop new engineering and automated programming systems and services. Significant technological, supplier, manufacturing or other problems may delay the development, introduction or production of these products or services.

For example, we may encounter these problems:

·	technical problems in the development of a new programming and/or security deployment systems or the robotics for new automated handing systems;

·	inability to hire qualified personnel or turnover in existing personnel or inability to engage or retain key technology partners;

·	delays or failures to perform by us or third parties, including some smaller early stage or recently acquired companies, involved in our development projects;

·	dependence on large semiconductor companies for cooperation and support to securely provision their devices. These companies must enable us with specific technical information and support Data I/O as a qualified solution to their customers and channel partners;

·	delays or failure to develop and utilize Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) for our offerings or services, potentially falling behind competitors exploiting the use of AI;

·	development of new products or services that are not accepted by the market; and/or

·	delays in supply chain for parts needed for new products.

These problems may result in a delay or decline in sales or increased costs.

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We may pursue business acquisitions that could impair our financial position and profitability.

We may pursue acquisitions of complementary technologies, product lines or businesses. Acquisitions may include risks, such as:

·	burdening management and our operating teams during the integration of the acquisition;

·	diverting management’s attention from other business concerns;

·	failing to successfully integrate, scale or monetize the acquired products or technologies;

·	lack of acceptance of the acquired products by our sales channels or customers;

·	entering markets where we have no or limited prior experience;

·	potential loss of key employees of the acquired company; and/or

·	additional burden of support for an acquired programmer architecture.

Future acquisitions may also impact our financial position. For example, we may use significant cash or incur debt, which would weaken our balance sheet, or issue additional shares, potentially diluting existing shareholders. We may also capitalize goodwill and intangible assets acquired, the amortization or impairment of which would reduce our profitability. We cannot guarantee that future acquisitions will improve our business or operating results.

If we are unable to protect our IP, we may not be able to compete effectively or operate profitably.

We rely on patents, copyrights, trade secrets and trademarks to protect our IP, as well as product development and marketing skill to establish and protect our market position. In particular, patents are a key part of our security deployment strategy, and if we are not able to successfully enforce these patents, we might lose our competitive advantage in the security deployment market. We attempt to protect our rights in proprietary software products, including our user interface, product firmware, software module options and other software products by retaining the title to and copyright of the software and documentation, by including appropriate contractual restrictions on use and disclosure in our licenses, and by requiring our employees to execute non-disclosure agreements.

Because of the rapidly changing technology in the semiconductor, electronic equipment and software industries, portions of our products might possibly infringe upon existing patents or copyrights, and we might be required to obtain licenses or discontinue the use of the infringing technology. We believe that any exposure we may have regarding possible infringement claims is a reasonable business risk similar to that assumed by other companies in the electronic equipment and software industries. However, any claim of infringement, with or without merit, could be costly and a diversion of management’s attention, and an adverse determination could adversely affect our reputation, preclude us from offering certain products, and subject us to substantial liability.

We might face increased competition and might not be able to compete successfully with current and future competitors.

Technological advances have reduced the barriers of entry into the market in which we compete. We expect competition to increase from both established and emerging companies. If we fail to compete successfully against current and future sources of competition, our profitability and financial performance will be adversely impacted.

THIRD PARTY RELATIONSHIPS

If we do not develop and enhance our relationships with semiconductor manufacturers, our business may be adversely affected.

We work closely with most semiconductor manufacturers to ensure that our data programming and security deployment systems comply with their requirements. In addition, many semiconductor manufacturers recommend our managed and secure programming systems for use by users of their programmable devices. These working relationships enable us to keep our programming systems product lines up to date and provide end-users with broad and current programmable device support. As technology changes occur that could limit the effectiveness of pre-placement programming, particularly for very small high-density NAND, eMMC and UFS devices, certain semiconductor manufacturers may not recommend or may not continue recommending our programming systems for these devices. Our business may be adversely affected if our relationships with semiconductor manufacturers deteriorate or if semiconductor manufacturers are not willing to closely work with us on security deployment. Consolidation within the semiconductor industry may also impact us. As we develop more security deployment solutions, we will need to partner more closely with semiconductor manufacturers.

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Our reliance on a small number of suppliers may result in a shortage of key components, which may adversely affect our business, and our suppliers may experience financial difficulties which could impact their ability to service our needs.

Certain parts or software used in our products are currently available from either a single supplier or from a limited number of suppliers. Our small relative level of business means we frequently lack influence and significant purchasing power. If we cannot develop alternative sources of these components, if sales of parts or software are discontinued by the supplier, if we experience deterioration in our relationship with these suppliers, or if these suppliers require financing which is not available, there may be delays or reductions in product introductions or shipments, which may materially adversely affect our operating results.

Because we rely on a small number of suppliers for certain parts, we are subject to possible price increases by these suppliers. As experienced in 2022, we have seen more part shortages and larger price increases than in recent years. While this has returned to a stable situation in 2023, our volumes typically are not high enough to maintain multiple suppliers. Also, we may be unable to accurately forecast our production schedule. If we underestimate our production schedule, suppliers may be unable to meet our demand for components. This delay in the supply of key components may have a materially adverse effect on our business. For suppliers who discontinue parts, we may be required to make lifetime purchases covering future requirements. Over estimation of demand or excessive minimum order quantities may lead to excess inventories that may become obsolete. Part shortages, especially semiconductor parts as experienced in 2021 and 2022, impact availability, lead times, and pricing that may be disruptive to our production plans, lead times, margins and may result in lost sales.

Some of our sockets, parts, subassemblies and boards are currently manufactured to our specifications by third-party foreign contract manufacturers and we are sourcing certain parts or options from foreign manufacturers, particularly in China. For example, due to geopolitical considerations, we may not be able to obtain a sufficient quantity of these products if and when needed or the quality of these parts or options may not meet our standards, which may result in lost sales.

If we are unable to attract and retain qualified third-party distributors and representatives, our business may be adversely affected.

We have an internal sales force and also utilize third-party distributors and representatives. Therefore, the financial stability of these distributors and representatives is important. Their ability to operate, timely pay us, and to acquire any necessary financing may be affected by the current economic climate. Highly skilled professional engineers use most of our products. To be effective, third-party distributors and representatives must possess significant technical, security, marketing, customer relationships and sales resources and must devote their resources to sales efforts, customer education, training and support. These required qualities limit the number of potential third-party distributors and representatives. Our business will suffer if we cannot attract and retain a sufficient number of qualified third-party distributors and representatives to market our products.

MARKET CONDITIONS

A decline in economic and market conditions may result in delayed or decreased capital spending and delayed or defaulted payments from our customers.

The coronavirus derivatives or similar items may affect economic and market conditions as surges and spreads. Global impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine continue to evolve with sanctions and trade issues. Our business is highly impacted by capital spending plans and other economic cycles that affect the users and manufacturers of integrated circuits. The industries are highly cyclical and are characterized by rapid technological change, short product life cycles and fluctuations in manufacturing capacity and pricing and gross margin pressures. As we experienced in this and recent prior years, our operations may in the future reflect substantial fluctuations from period-to-period as a consequence of these industry patterns, general economic conditions affecting the timing of orders from major customers, and other factors affecting capital spending. In a difficult economic climate, it may take us longer to receive payments from our customers and some of our customers’ business may fail, resulting in non-payment. Our market growth forecasts and related business decisions may be wrong. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Our international operations may expose us to additional risks that may adversely affect our business.

International sales represented approximately 90%, 93% and 90% of net sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect that international sales will continue to be a significant portion of our net revenue. International sales may fluctuate due to various factors, including:

·	the impact of COVID-19, the coronavirus and variants of it, or other viruses;

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·	fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates because 90% of our sales are to international markets, volatile exchange rates may also impact our competitiveness and margins, especially where we have subsidiary operations;

·	economic uncertainty related to the European energy cost increases;

·	China economic challenges, as this is a major market for our products and a significant production location;

·	migration of manufacturing to low cost geographies;

·	unexpected changes in regulatory requirements;

·	tariffs and taxes;

·	bi-lateral and multi-lateral trade agreements;

·	difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations;

·	longer average payment cycles and difficulty in collecting accounts receivable;

·	compliance with applicable export licensing requirements and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act;

·	product safety and other certification requirements;

·	difficulties in integrating foreign and outsourced operations;

·	war, civil unrest, political and economic instability, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Israel – Hamas war;

·	ability to protect our intellectual property in multiple patent jurisdictions; and/or

·	ability to move cash freely from subsidiaries.

Because we have customers located throughout the world, we have significant foreign receivables, although none are based in Russia or Ukraine. We may experience difficulties in collecting these amounts as a result of payment practices of certain foreign customers, economic uncertainty and regulations in foreign countries, the availability and reliability of foreign credit information, and potential difficulties in enforcing collection terms.

The European Union and European Free Trade Association (“EU”) has established certain electronic emission and product safety requirements (“CE”). As applicable, our products currently meet these requirements; however, failure to obtain either a CE certification or a waiver for any product may prevent us from marketing that product in Europe. The EU also has directives concerning the Reduction of Hazardous Substances (“RoHS”) and we believe we are classified within the EU RoHS Directive category list as Industrial Monitoring and Control Equipment (category 9). We believe all current products meet the RoHS directives. Failure to meet applicable directives or qualifying exemptions may prevent us from marketing certain products in Europe or other territories with similar requirements.

We have subsidiaries in Germany and China and large balances of cash are in our foreign subsidiaries. Our business and financial condition is sensitive to currency exchange rates and any restrictions imposed on their currencies including restrictions on repatriations of cash. A repatriation of cash has, and could in the future, result in tax costs and corresponding deferred tax assets with related tax valuation allowances. Currency exchange fluctuations in these countries may adversely affect our investment in our subsidiaries.

OPERATIONS

Quarterly fluctuations in our operating results may adversely affect our stock price.

Our operating results tend to vary from quarter to quarter. Our revenue in each quarter substantially depends upon orders received within that quarter. Conversely, our expenditures are based on investment plans and estimates of future revenues. We may, therefore, be unable to quickly reduce our spending if our revenues decline in a given quarter. As a result, operating results for that quarter will suffer. Our results of operations for any one quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any future periods.

Other factors, which may cause our quarterly operating results to fluctuate, include:

·	increased competition;

·	timing of new product announcements and timing of development expenditures;

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·	product or service releases and pricing changes by us or our competitors;

·	market acceptance or delays in the introduction of new products or services;

·	production constraints, including part shortages impact on us and our supply chains;

·	quality issues;

·	labor or material constraints;

·	timing of significant orders;

·	timing of installation or customer acceptance requirements;

·	sales channel mix of direct vs. indirect distribution;

·	civil unrest, war or terrorism;

·	health issues such as the outbreak of the coronavirus or other viruses impacting workers, suppliers, customers, travel, or our facilities;

·	customers’ budgets;

·	changes in accounting rules, tax or other legislation;

·	adverse movements in exchange rates, interest rates, inflation or tax rates;

·	cyclical and seasonal nature of demand for our customers’ products;

·	general economic conditions in the countries where we sell products;

·	expenses and delays obtaining authorizations in setting up new operations or locations; and/or

·	facilities relocations.

Due to any of the foregoing factors, it is possible that in some future quarters, our operating results will be below the expectations of analysts and investors.

We have a history of operating losses and may be unable to generate enough revenue to achieve and maintain profitability.

We have incurred operating losses in four of the last ten years. We operate in a cyclical industry. We will continue to examine our level of operating expense based upon our projected revenues. Any planned increases in operating expenses may result in losses in future periods if projected revenues are not achieved or the investment level required is too large. As a result, we may need to generate greater revenues than we have recently in order to maintain profitability. However, we cannot provide assurance that our revenues will continue to increase and our business strategies may not be successful, resulting in future losses.

The loss of key employees may adversely affect our operations.

We have employees located in the U.S., Germany and China. We also utilize independent contractors for specialty work, primarily in research and development, and utilize temporary workers to adjust capacity to fluctuating demand. Many of our employees are highly skilled, and our continued success will depend in part upon our ability to attract and retain employees who can be in great demand within the industry. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining unit, and we believe relations with our employees are favorable, though no assurance can be made that this will be the case in the future. In China, our workers have benefits and similar arrangements provided under a “FSCO” labor agreement, and we could be adversely affected if we were unable to continue that arrangement.

We may need to raise additional capital and our future access to capital is uncertain.

Our past revenues have sometimes been, and our future revenues may again be, insufficient to support the expense of our operations and any expansion of our business. We may therefore need additional equity or debt capital to finance our operations. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows from operations or to obtain funds through additional debt, lease or equity financing, we may have to reduce some or all of our development and sales and marketing efforts and limit the expansion of our business.

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We believe that we have sufficient cash or working capital available under our operating plan to fund our operations and capital requirements through at least the next one-year period. In the event we require additional cash for U.S. operations or other needs, we may choose to repatriate some, or all, of the cash held in our foreign subsidiaries. There may be tax, legal and other impediments to any repatriation actions. Our working capital may be used to fund possible losses, business growth, project initiatives, share repurchases, and business development initiatives including acquisitions, which could reduce our liquidity and result in a requirement for additional cash before that time. Any substantial inability to achieve our current business plan could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, liquidity, or results of operations and may require us to reduce expenditures and/or seek additional financing.

Therefore, we may seek additional funding through public or private debt or equity financing or from other sources. We have no commitments for additional financing, and given a potential future unfavorable economic climate and our financial results, we may experience difficulty in obtaining funding on favorable terms, if at all. Any financing we obtain may contain covenants that restrict our freedom to operate our business or may require us to issue securities that have rights, preferences or privileges senior to our Common Stock and may dilute your ownership interest.

Our stock price may be volatile and, as a result, our shareholders may lose some or all of their investment.

The stock prices of technology companies tend to fluctuate significantly. We believe factors such as announcements of new products or services by us or our competitors and quarterly variations in financial results and outlook may cause the market price of our Common Stock to fluctuate substantially. In addition, overall volatility in the stock market, particularly in the technology company sector, is often unrelated to the operating performance of companies. If these market fluctuations continue in the future, they may adversely affect the price of our Common Stock. Additionally, securities of certain companies have recently experienced significant and extreme volatility in stock price due to short sellers of shares of common stock, known as a “short squeeze.” These short squeezes have caused extreme volatility in both the stock prices of those companies and in the market, and have led to the price per share of those companies to trade at a significantly inflated rate that is disconnected from the underlying value of the company. Many investors who have purchased shares in those companies at an inflated rate face the risk of losing a significant portion of their original investment, as in many cases the price per share has declined steadily as interest in those stocks have abated. While we have no reason to believe our shares would be the target of a short squeeze, there can be no assurance that we won’t be in the future, and you may lose a significant portion or all of your investment if you purchase our shares at a rate that is significantly disconnected from our underlying value.

CYBERSECURITY RISKS

Cybersecurity breaches or terrorism could result in liabilities or costs as well as damage to or loss of our data or customer access to our website and information systems. The collection, storage, transmission, use and disclosure of user data and personal information, if accessed improperly, could give rise to liabilities or additional costs as a result of laws, governmental regulations and evolving views of personal privacy rights.

Cybersecurity attacks may increase as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and/or deterioration of the geopolitical environment. Cybersecurity breaches or terrorism could result in the exposure or theft of private or confidential information as well as interrupt our business, including denying customer access to our website and information systems. We transmit, and in some cases store, end-user data, including personal information. In jurisdictions around the world, personal information is becoming increasingly subject to legislation and regulations intended to protect consumers’ privacy and security. The interpretation of privacy and data protection laws and regulations regarding the collection, storage, transmission, use and disclosure of such information in some jurisdictions is unclear and evolving. These laws may be interpreted and applied in conflicting ways from country to country and in a manner that is not consistent with our current data protection practices. Complying with these varying international requirements could cause us to incur additional costs and change our business practices. Because our services are accessible in many foreign jurisdictions, some of these jurisdictions may claim that we are required to comply with their laws, even where we have no local entity, employees or infrastructure. We could be forced to incur significant expenses if we were required to modify our products, our services or our existing security and privacy procedures in order to comply with new or expanded regulations.

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS

Failure to comply with increasing regulatory requirements may adversely affect our stock price and business.

As a public company, we are subject to numerous governmental and stock exchange requirements, with which we believe we are in compliance. Our failure to meet regulatory requirements and exchange listing standards may result in actions such as: the delisting of our stock, impacting our stock’s liquidity; SEC enforcement actions; and securities claims and litigation. Unfortunately, increased regulations pushed onto public companies may have a disproportionate impact to smaller public companies.

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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) have requirements that we may fail to meet or we may fall out of compliance with, such as the internal controls auditor attestation required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, with which we are not currently required to comply as we are a smaller reporting company. We assume that we will continue to have the status of a smaller reporting company based on the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting shares held as of June 30, 2023. If we fail to achieve and maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, as such standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Moreover, effective internal controls, particularly those related to revenue recognition, are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent financial fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and operating results could be harmed, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and the trading price of our stock could drop significantly.

While we have policies and procedures in place designed to prevent corruption and bribery, because our business is significantly international, violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) could have a significant adverse effect on our business due to the disruption and distraction of an investigation, financial penalties and criminal penalties.

Government regulations regarding the use of “conflict” minerals and potential climate and ESG requirements could adversely affect our prospects and results of operations.

Regulatory requirements regarding disclosure of our use of “conflict” minerals mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries could affect the sourcing and availability of minerals used in the manufacture of certain products. Although we do not buy raw materials, manufacture, or produce any electronic equipment using conflict minerals directly, some components provided by our suppliers and contained in our products contain conflict minerals. Our goal is for our products to be conflict free. As a result, there may only be a limited pool of suppliers who provide conflict free metals, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain products in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. Single source suppliers may not respond, or respond negatively regarding conflict mineral sourcing, and we may be unable to find alternative sources to replace them. Also, because our supply chain is complex, we may face reputational challenges with our customers and other stakeholders if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for all metals used in the products that we sell. Further, if we are unable to comply with the new laws or regulations or if our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us. We may need to incur additional costs and invest additional resources, including management’s time, in order to comply with the new regulations and anticipated additional reporting and disclosure obligations.

Climate focused regulations and related disclosures are a similar evolving regulatory area and we may be required to invest in systems, processes and personnel to address new requirements in the ESG area. These will require significant costs, work and reputational risk for failing to meet requirements, with miniscule impact to the global environment.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

CYBERSECURITY GOVERNANCE

The Company’s Board of Directors, as a whole, has oversight responsibility for our strategic and operational risks. The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for board-level oversight of cybersecurity risk, however the full Board is typically present for Information Technology (IT) and Cybersecurity briefings. As part of it’s oversight role, the Audit Committee receives reporting about the Company’s cybersecurity program, activities, threats and incidents (if any) through periodic updates. The cybersecurity program is managed by our outsourced IT infrastructure team with oversight and coordination by our CFO, who reports directly to our CEO. Utilization of an outsourced IT infrastructure team allows Data I/O to access the necessary breadth and depth of leading cybersecurity programs, staff, expertise, and tools. The IT infrastructure team monitors the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents through their management of the cybersecurity function, including the operation of the Company’s incident response plans, which include appropriate escalation to the CFO, CEO and the Audit Committee.

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CYBERSECURITY RISK MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGY

The Company has processes in place to identify, assess, and monitor material risks from cybersecurity threats, which are part of the Company’s overall cybersecurity risk management and have been embedded in the information systems operating procedures and internal controls. Our IT function manages IT operations and continually evolves and enhances our systems to meet the constantly changing digital environment. Periodic cybersecurity risk assessments are performed to identify, assess, and prioritize potential risks to information, data assets, infrastructure and third party vendors. Additionally, a third-party review and testing of the financial controls over IT as part of our Sarbanes-Oxley internal controls testing is performed annually. The Company addresses significant risks through corrective or mitigating actions as necessary.

The Company has also established cybersecurity and information security awareness training programs. Employees with access to the Company’s network receive annual training on topics such as phishing, malware, and other cybersecurity risks. Training is administered and tracked through online learning modules with ongoing follow-up testing. All employees and contractors enter into non-disclosure confidentiality agreements. We work to continually evolve our systems to meet the constantly changing digital environment and continue to invest in the cybersecurity and resiliency of our networks and to enhance our internal controls and processes, which are designed to help protect our systems and infrastructure, and the information they contain.

There have been no risks from cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. The nature of potential cybersecurity risks and threats are uncertain, and any future incidents, outages or breaches could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial conditions or results of operations. For more information about the cybersecurity risks we face, refer to the Risk Factors in section “Cybersecurity Risks” in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors".

Item 2. Properties

The company has three facilities with our headquarters and primary engineering and operational functions located in Redmond, Washington. Our two subsidiary facilities in Munich, Germany and Shanghai, China provide extended worldwide sales, service, engineering and operations services. The total annual gross or base lease payments during 2023 and 2022 were approximately $823,000 and $713,000, respectively. The lease payment increase in 2023 was due primarily to lease abatement incentives for lease renewals in 2022 and standard rate increase in 2023.

The Redmond, Washington headquarters facility lease runs to January 31, 2026 at approximately 20,460 square feet. The lease for the facility located in Shanghai, China runs to October 31, 2024 at approximately 19,400 square feet. The lease for the facility located near Munich, Germany runs to August 2027 at approximately 4,895 square feet.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of business. As of December 31, 2023, we were not a party to any legal proceedings or aware of any indemnification agreement claims, the adverse outcome of which in management’s opinion, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our Common Stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market (NASDAQ symbol is DAIO). The closing price was $2.94 on December 29, 2023.

The approximate number of shareholders of record as of March 18, 2024 was 369.

Except for special cash dividend of $4.15 per share paid on March 8, 1989, we have not paid cash dividends on our Common Stock and do not anticipate paying regular cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

No sales of unregistered securities were made by us during the periods ended December 31, 2023, 2022 or 2021.

See Item 12 for the Equity Compensation Plan Information.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Not applicable.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. This Act provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements to encourage companies to provide prospective information about themselves as long as they identify these statements as forward-looking and provide meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ from the projected results. All statements other than statements of historical fact made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are forward-looking. In particular, statements herein regarding economic outlook, impact of COVID-19 including recovery from the shutdown in Shanghai, China; industry prospects and trends; expected business recovery; industry partnerships; future results of operations or financial position; future spending; expected expenses, breakeven revenue point; expected market decline, bottom or growth; market acceptance of our newly introduced or upgraded products or services; the sufficiency of our cash to fund future operations and capital requirements; development, introduction and shipment of new products or services; changing foreign operations; taxes, trade issues and tariffs; expected inventory levels; expectations for unsupported platform or product versions and related inventory and other charges; Russian invasion of Ukraine impacts; Israel – Hamas war impacts; supply chain expectations; semiconductor chip shortages and recovery; and any other guidance on future periods are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements reflect management’s current expectations and are inherently uncertain. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, achievements, or other future events. Moreover, neither Data I/O nor anyone else assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of these forward-looking statements. We are under no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this Annual Report. The Reader should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The following discussions and the section entitled “Risk Factors - Cautionary Factors That May Affect Future Results” describes some, but not all, of the factors that could cause these differences.

OVERVIEW

The strong dollar impact that started to reverse during the fourth quarter of 2022, provided tail winds for revenue in the first and second quarter of 2023, especially versus the Euro. During the second half of 2023, the U.S. dollar strengthened again causing revenue head winds. However, we managed to achieve profitability for the year. Macroeconomic news, while improving, continued to be fairly negative. On a more positive note, inflation, while still elevated, is diminishing. Interest rates continue to be higher, but an anticipated recession has not occurred outside of Germany with a current soft landing outlook causing expectations for avoiding a U.S. recession. COVID-19, semiconductor shortages, shipping & supply chain issues, and domestic labor tightness are improving situations. Travel, trade shows, and face-to-face customer meetings are happening. We believe our new supplier resilience, inventory holdings and production in multiple locations, and ability to leverage remote and virtual services, are capabilities to retain and build upon. We continue to focus on managing our costs carefully and growth-oriented strategies.

We are focusing our research and development efforts in our strategic growth markets, namely automotive electronics and IoT new programming technologies, secure supply chain solutions, automated programming systems and their enhancements for the manufacturing environment and software. At Data I/O, we are investing for the long-term to retain and extend our leadership position in automotive electronics and security deployment. We are continuing to develop technology to securely provision newer categories of semiconductors, including Secure Microcontrollers, Authentication Chips, and Secure Elements. We continue to focus on extending the capabilities and support for our product lines and supporting the latest semiconductor devices, including various configurations of NAND Flash, eMMC, UFS and microcontrollers on our newer products.

Our customer focus has been on global and strategic high-volume manufacturers in key market segments like automotive electronics, IoT, industrial controls and consumer electronics, as well as programming centers. Although the long-term prospects for our strategic growth markets should remain good, these markets and our business have been, and are likely to continue to be, adversely impacted by global political and economic factors. In particular, the continued outlook by industry analysts for automotive electronics, which remains our primary market focus, remains strong based on the long-term forecast for a decade.

On the product side, we continue to invest with a long-term focus towards expanding our markets and creating unique value for our customers. This is true for both our traditional core business as well as the emerging security deployment business. Our strong cash position and balance sheet, combined with our long-term view of the market, gives us the financial flexibility to make these investments.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICY JUDGMENTS AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires that we make estimates and judgments, which affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, sales returns, credit losses, inventories, income taxes, warranty obligations, restructuring charges, contingencies such as litigation and contract terms that have multiple elements and other complexities typical in the capital equipment industry. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements:

Revenue Recognition: Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) provides a single, principles-based five-step model to be applied to all contracts with customers. It generally provides for the recognition of revenue in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled, net of allowances for estimated returns, discounts or sales incentives, as well as taxes collected from customers when control over the promised goods or services are transferred to the customer.

We expense contract acquisition costs, primarily sales commissions, for contracts with terms of one year or less and will capitalize and amortize incremental costs with terms that exceed one year. During 2023 and 2022, the impact of capitalization of incremental costs for obtaining contracts was immaterial. We exclude sales, use, value added, some excise taxes and other similar taxes from the measurement of the transaction price.

We recognize revenue upon transfer of control of the promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We have determined that our programming equipment has reached a point of maturity and stability such that product acceptance can be assured by testing at the factory prior to shipment and that the installation meets the criteria to be a separate performance obligation. These systems are standard products with published product specifications and are configurable with standard options. The evidence that these systems could be deemed as accepted was based upon having standardized factory production of the units, results from batteries of tests of product performance to our published specifications, quality inspections and installation standardization, as well as past product operation validation with the customer and the history provided by our installed base of products upon which the current versions were based.

The revenue related to products requiring installation that is perfunctory is recognized upon transfer of control of the product to customers, which generally is at the time of shipment. Installation that is considered perfunctory includes any installation that is expected to be performed by other parties, such as distributors, other vendors, or the customers themselves. This analysis considers the complexity, skill and training needed, as well as customer expectations regarding installation.

We enter into arrangements with multiple performance obligations that arise during the sale of a system that could include hardware, software, installation, service and support, and extended maintenance components. We allocate the transaction price of each element based on the relative selling prices. Relative selling price is based on the selling price of the standalone system. For the installation and service and support performance obligations, we use the value of the discount given to distributors who perform these components. For software maintenance performance obligations, we use what we charge for annual software maintenance renewals after the initial year the system is sold. Revenue is recognized on the system based on shipping terms, software based on delivery, installation and services based on completion of work and software maintenance and extended warranty support ratably over the term of the agreement, typically one year.

When we license software separately, we recognize revenue upon the transfer of control of the software, which is generally upon shipment, provided that only inconsequential performance obligations remain on our part and substantive acceptance conditions, if any, have been met.

We recognize revenue when there is an approved contract that both parties are committed to perform, both parties rights have been identified, the contract has substance, collection of substantially all the consideration is probable, the transaction price has been determined and allocated over the performance obligations, the performance obligations, including substantive acceptance conditions, if any, in the contract have been met, the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product, the buyer’s obligation would not be changed in the event of theft, physical destruction or damage to the product, the buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from us, and we do not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about the resale of the product by the buyer. We establish a reserve for sales returns based on historical trends in product returns and estimates for new items. Payment terms are generally 30 to 60 days from shipment.

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We transfer certain products out of service from their internal use and make them available for sale. The products transferred are typically our standard products in one of the following areas: service loaners, rental or test units; engineering test units; or sales demonstration equipment. Once transferred, the equipment is sold by our regular sales channels as used equipment inventory. These product units often involve refurbishing and an equipment warranty, and are conducted as sales in our normal and ordinary course of business. The transfer amount is the product unit’s net book value, and the sale transaction is accounted for as revenue and cost of goods sold.

Allowance for Credit Losses: We base the allowance for credit losses on our assessment of the losses collectively expected for the future, as well as collectability of specific customer accounts and the aging of accounts receivable. If there is deterioration of a major customer’s credit worthiness or actual defaults are higher than historical experience, or events forecast that collectively indicate some impairment is expected, our estimates of the recoverability of amounts due to us could be adversely affected.

Inventory: Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Adjustments are made to standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis. We estimate reductions to inventory for obsolete, slow-moving, excess and non-salable inventory by reviewing current transactions and forecasted product demand. We evaluate our inventories on an item-by-item basis and record inventory adjustments accordingly. If there is a significant decrease in demand for our products, uncertainty during product line transitions, or a higher risk of inventory obsolescence because of rapidly changing technology and customer requirements, we may be required to increase our inventory adjustments, and our gross margin could be adversely affected.

Warranty Accruals: We accrue for warranty costs based on the expected material and labor costs to fulfill our warranty obligations. If we experience an increase in warranty claims, which are higher than our historical experience, our gross margin could be adversely affected.

Tax Valuation Allowances: Given the uncertainty created by our loss history, as well as the current and ongoing cyclical and COVID-19 related uncertain economic outlook for our industry and capital and geographic spending, as well as income and current net deferred tax assets by entity and country, we expect to continue to limit the recognition of net deferred tax assets and accounting for uncertain tax positions and maintain the tax valuation allowances. At the current time, we expect, therefore, that reversals of the tax valuation allowance will take place as we are able to take advantage of the underlying tax loss or other attributes in carry forward or their use by future income or circumstances allow us to realize these attributes. The transfer pricing and expense or cost sharing arrangements are complex areas where judgments, such as the determination of arms-length arrangements, can be subject to challenges by different tax jurisdictions.

Share-based Compensation: We account for share-based awards made to our employees and directors, including employee stock option awards, performance stock unit awards and restricted stock unit awards, using the estimated grant date fair value method of accounting. For options, we estimate the fair value using the Black-Scholes valuation model and an estimated forfeiture rate. Restricted stock unit awards and performance stock unit awards are valued based on the average of the high and low price on the date of the grant and an estimated forfeiture rate. For options, performance and restricted stock unit awards, expense is recognized as compensation expense on the straight-line basis. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) shares were issued under provisions that do not require us to record any equity compensation expense.

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Results of Operations:

Net Sales

Net sales by product line	2023			Change			2022
(in thousands)
Automated programming systems	$	22,806			20.5	%	$	18,926
Non-automated programming systems		5,258		(0.6		%)		5,291
Total programming systems	$	28,064			15.9	%	$	24,217

Net sales by location	2023			Change			2022
(in thousands)
United States	$	2,799			57.8	%	$	1,774
% of total		10.0	%					7.3	%
International	$	25,265			12.6	%	$	22,443
% of total		90.0	%					92.7	%

Net sales by type	2023			Change			2022
(in thousands)
Equipment Sales	$	16,343			18.4	%	$	13,803

SEC Form 10-K filed by Data I/O Corporation